Oxygenated‐bacterial‐cellulose nanofibers with hydrogel, antimicrobial, and controlled oxygen release properties for rapid wound healing

Abstract

The most effective approach for wound healing improvement is entrapping and controlling the oxygen in a biocompatible polymer matrix through introducing hydrogen peroxide. In the research, the bacterial cellulose (BC) layers were oxygenated as a safe and excellent hydrogel to accelerate the wound healing process. Indeed, the hydrogel‐containing hydrogen peroxide was obtained using the treatment of dry BC with 3% hydrogen peroxide for 5 h. The morphology, thermal behavior, crystalline and chemical structures, mechanical properties, water vapor permeability, degree of porosity, oxygen release, water holding capacity, and drying time of the treated layers were investigated. Furthermore, the calculated porosity showed about seven times more pore area. The dissolved oxygen results indicated the well‐trapped oxygen in BC with a prolonged‐release time of 20 days. Moreover, the 100% antibacterial and antifungal activities and excellent wound healing properties without cytotoxic effects specified the ability of BC to trap and release oxygen for efficient wound healing. Hence, the study introduces a functionalized naturally driven hydrogel layer with oxygen delivery, safe antimicrobial properties, and prolonged drying time.

Oxygen-releasing biomaterials for chronic wounds breathing: From theoretical mechanism to application prospect

“…Reproduced with permission. [ [ 92 ] ], [ 93 , 101 ] Copyright 2012, Elsevier. Copyright 2020, 2021, Wiley.…”

“…Sarkandi et al. soaked dried bacterial cellulose (BC) membranes in a 3% H 2 O 2 solution for 5 ​h to induce the formation of BC/H 2 O 2 complexes [ 93 ]. The dense nanostructure formed by BC cross-linking restricted the oxygen molecules generated by H 2 O 2 decomposition.…”

Oxygen‐Releasing Hydrogels for Tissue Regeneration

“…Ren et al [ 140 ] introduced an oxygen nanobubble‐embedded hydrogel (ONB‐G) using carbopol and dextran‐based oxygen nanobubbles (ONB), which can sustain oxygen levels (6 μg mL −1 ) for up to 4 weeks and has demonstrated superior wound healing in experimental studies. Sarkandi et al [ 141 ] employed bacterial cellulose (BC) as the hydrogel base and utilized H 2 O 2 as a safe oxygen source. Their BC/H 2 O 2 hydrogel can release oxygen continuously for up to 20 days (7.9525 mg L −1 ) and exhibits excellent water absorption, extended drying time, and antibacterial properties.…”