Photobiomodulation in Periodontology and Implant Dentistry: Part 2

Abstract

Part 1 of this article can be located at www.liebertpub.com/doi/10. 1089/photob.2019.4710.) Objective: Finding evidence-based treatment strategies for low-level light therapy and the correct incorporation of these treatment methods in the clinical practice of periodontics. Background: Photobiomodulation has been shown to have biostimulatory, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects that can be beneficial in periodontal and dental implant treatment procedures. Methods: In this review, we have addressed some clinical questions regarding the potential clinical application of low-level light irradiation and its photobobiomodulatory effects in periodontology and implantology. The literature was searched for in vivo (animal or clinical) articles written in English in four electronic databases of PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library until April 2019. Only studies with low irradiation doses without any thermal effects used only for their photobiomodulatory purposes were included. Results: We were able to find relevant studies for all of our questions, and positive effects for the application of light therapy were reported in most of the studies. However, there is still a great deal of heterogeneity in terms of study designs and most importantly in light irradiation devices and the parameters used. Due to this issue, it was not possible to reach specific evidence-based irradiation protocols for the questions addressed in this review. Conclusions: Based on our search results, an obvious positive effect of low-level light therapy on stimulation of healing of periodontal soft and hard tissues and reduction of inflammation can be seen. Future well-designed randomized control studies with the same irradiation settings and systematic reviews evaluating the studies found on the questions mentioned are necessary to reach evidence-based recommendations.

The Effect of Photobiomodulation Therapy on the Stability of Orthodontic Mini-implants in Human and Animal Studies: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

“…3,10 Some studies on dental implants have demonstrated the effectiveness of PBM in increasing bone-to-implant contact (BIC) and implant stability, bio-stimulatory effects on the cell, as well as improving the healing and eventually anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. 1,[9][10][11][12][13][14] A similar effect may be observed in mini-implants. Therefore, various studies have examined the effect of PBM on these types of implants by different methods.…”

“…In recent years, the use of low-level laser irradiation regarded as photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy has been considered a safe and non-invasive method to promote bone healing and improve the stability of mini-implants. 9 PBM is a non-thermal effect of coherent or non-coherent light at cellular levels, resulting in photochemical changes that affect cells' function, proliferation, and migration. Although the underlying mechanisms involved are not yet fully revealed, a confirmed mechanism is increasing cell metabolism and synthesizing adenosine triphosphate (ATP).…”

Photobiomodulation in dental implant stability and post‐surgical healing and inflammation. A randomised double‐blind study

“…The average stability remained well‐balanced in all of the ISQ measurements, recording results similar to those obtained by Torkzaban et al ( 2018 ). In their revision, Gholami et al ( 2019b ) reported that some studies observed increased bone activity at metabolic and cellular levels of the irradiated bone, as well as faster bone regeneration. Regarding the measurements made in this study, the mean stability values progressed equally in both groups throughout the study, except on the seventh day compared to the immediate postoperative period in the same group.…”

Innovative Concepts and Recent Breakthrough for Engineered Graft and Constructs for Bone Regeneration: A Literature Systematic Review

“…LLLT also reduces the symptoms of trigeminal neuralgia [ 230 , 231 , 232 , 233 , 234 , 235 ]. The use of LLLT has also spread widely in the field of periodontology and peri-implantology [ 236 , 237 ], but the effects that lead to the use of long-term laser on scaling and root planing (SRP), bacterial-subgingival reduction and sulcular debridement (laser curettage) appear to have no significant advantages over other methods [ 238 ]. However, the use of the laser gives excellent results on the surfaces of implants that have been attacked by peri-implantitis and have part of the fixture exposed in the oral cavity.…”