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Gingival melanin hyperpigmentation is an esthetic concern for many individuals. In this study, we compared the standard surgical removal method with two different Er,Cr:YSGG laser settings in order to find the best treatment method. In 33 dental arches, the following three treatment groups were comparatively evaluated: (1) surgical stripping, (2) removal with laser setting 1 (4.5 W, 50 Hz, 100% water, 80% air, 60 μs, 800 μm Tip; MZ8), and (3) laser setting 2 (2.5 W, 50 Hz, 20% water, 40% air, 700 μs, 800 μm Tip; MZ8). We comparatively evaluated pain, patient satisfaction and wound healing, treatment time, and the amount of bleeding. Re-pigmentation was evaluated after 1 and 12 months by Hedin and Dummet pigmentation scores. Laser setting 1 had the best results regarding pain and patient satisfaction, although not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Wound healing results were better using lasers compared to surgical stripping (P < 0.05). Laser setting 1 was a faster procedure with mild amounts of bleeding. The least amount of bleeding was seen with laser setting 2. After 1 month, only two cases of the laser setting 2-treated areas showed an isolated pigmented area in the papilla; at 12 months, the mean Hedin indexes were still less than 2 and mean Dummett index less than 1 in all treatment techniques, with the lowest scores seen in the laser setting 1 sites. Based on our results, Er,Cr:YSGG laser can be more convenient for gingival depigmentation compared to surgical blade. Although not statistically significant, laser setting 1 with shorter pulse duration and higher water spray showed better overall results. However, laser setting 2, with longer pulse duration and less water spray, resulted in better coagulative effects and can be used to control bleeding wherever necessary in clinical practice.

Carbon dots (CDs) are a latterly synthesised class of carbon-based nanostructures known as zero-dimensional (0D) nanomaterials, which have drawn a great deal of researcher’s attention owing to their distinctive features,...

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Oral mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their secretomes are considered important factors in the field of medical tissue engineering and cell free biotherapy due to their ease of access, differentiation potential, and successful therapeutic outcomes. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and the conditioned medium (CM) from MSCs are gaining more attraction as an alternative to cell-based therapies due to the less ethical issues involved, and their easier acquisition, preservation, long term storage, sterilization, and packaging. Bone and periodontal regenerative ability of EVs and CM have been the focus of some recent studies. In this review, we looked through currently available literature regarding MSCs’ EVs or conditioned medium and their general characteristics, function, and regenerative potentials. We will also review the novel applications in regenerating bone and periodontal defects.

Due to large surface area, tunable pore size, easy surface manipulation, and low-toxicity mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) may act as a suitable vector for gene delivery. In order to make MSNs as a suitable gene delivery system, we modified the surface of phosphonated MSNs (PMSN) with polyethyleneimine (PEI) 10 and 25 KDa. Then nanoparticles were loaded with chloroquine (CQ) (a lysosomotropic agent) and complexed with plasmid DNA. The transfection efficiency and cytotoxicity of these nanoparticles was examined using green fluorescent protein plasmid (pGFP) and cytotoxicity assay. All PEI coated nanoparticles showed positive zeta potential and mean size was ranged between 170 and 215 nm with polydispersity index bellow 0.35. PEI-coated MSNs significiantly enhanced GFP gene expression in Neuro-2 A cells compared to PEI 10 and 25 KDa. The results of the cytotoxicity assays showed that these nanoparticles have an acceptable level of viability but CQ loaded nanoparticles showed higher cytotoxicity and lower transfection activity than CQ free nanoparticles.