Photo-Stability Measurement of Electro-Optic Polymer Waveguides With High Intensity at 1550-nm Wavelength

Takahashi, S.; Bhola, Bipin; Yick, A.; Steier, William H.; Luo, Jingdong; Jen, Alex K.‐Y.; Jin, Duo; Dinu, Raluca

doi:10.1109/jlt.2008.2011500

Cited by 15 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Poled thin films of SEO125 have shown good temporal stability due to its relatively high T g =145°C, and after the poling its EO coefficients were essentially unchanged under ambient conditions. While SEO125 is a newly developed material and its complete characterization in terms of performance and photo-stability is an ongoing effort, EO polymers with similar compositions have been demonstrated to have potential long-term stability by removing oxygen in the packaging of devices [27]. …”

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confidence: 99%

Wide optical spectrum range, subvolt, compact modulator based on an electro-optic polymer refilled silicon slot photonic crystal waveguide

et al. 2013

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We design and demonstrate a compact and low-power band-engineered electro-optic (EO) polymer refilled silicon slot photonic crystal waveguide (PCW) modulator. The EO polymer is engineered for large EO activity and near-infrared transparency. A PCW step coupler is used for optimum coupling to the slow-light mode of the band-engineered PCW. The half-wave switching-voltage is measured to be Vπ=0.97±0.02V over optical spectrum range of 8nm, corresponding to the effective in-device r33 of 1190pm/V and Vπ×L of 0.291±0.006V×mm in a push-pull configuration. Excluding the slow-light effect, we estimate the EO polymer is poled with an efficiency of 89pm/V in the slot. [6]. The fabrication process of these devices involves the poling of the EO polymer at an elevated temperature. Unfortunately, the leakage current due to the charge injection through silicon/polymer interface significantly reduces the poling efficiency in narrow slot waveguides (slot width, S w <200nm). Among the abovementioned structure, the slot PCW can support optical mode for S w as large as 320nm [7]. Such a wide slot was shown to reduce the leakage current by two orders of magnitude resulting in 5х improvement in the in-device r 33 compared to a slot PCW with S w =75nm [7].One problem remains among slot PCW modulators is their narrow operating optical bandwidth of <1nm [8][9][10] because of the high group velocity dispersion (GVD) in the slow-light optical spectrum range. To broaden the operating optical bandwidth of PCW modulators, lattice shifted PCWs can be employed, where the spatial shift of certain holes can modify the structure to provide low-dispersion slow light [11][12][13][14][15].In this letter we report a symmetric MZI modulator based on band-engineered slot PCW refilled with EO polymer, SEO125 from Soluxra, LLC. SEO125 exhibits exceptional combination of large EO activity, low optical loss, and good temporal stability. Its r 33 value of poled thin films is around 125pm/V at the wavelength of 1310 nm, which is measured by the Teng-Man reflection technique. The design and synthesis of SEO125 encompasses recent development of highly efficient nonlinear optical chromophores with a few key molecular and material parameters, including large β values, good near-infrared transparency, excellent chemicaland photo-stability, and improved processability in polymers [16]. Using a band-engineered EO polymer refilled slot PCW with S w =320nm, we demonstrate a slow-light enhanced effective in-device r 33 of 1190pm/V over 8nm optical spectrum range. Excluding the slow-light effect, we estimate in-device material' r 33 of 89pm/V for SEO125 in the slot that show 51% improvement compared to the results (59pm/V) in [7]. A schematic of the device on silicon on insulator (SOI) (Si thickness=250nm, oxide thickness=3μm) is shown in Fig. 1 (a). The input and output strip waveguides are connected to the device using a strip-to-slot waveguide mode converter. PCW couplers consisting of a fast-light section [17] connect the mode converters to a 300μm-long slow-ligh...

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confidence: 99%

Wide optical spectrum range, subvolt, compact modulator based on an electro-optic polymer refilled silicon slot photonic crystal waveguide

et al. 2013

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“…Recently, the SOH slot waveguide structures have been developed for digital modulations more advanced modulation formats such as QPSK and 16QAM with >1Tb/s [63,64], thus, our future work will also include driving our modulator using high-speed digital signals [14,19,52] and also using this modulator for advanced modulation formats and coherent modulation scheme [63,64]. In addition, potential stability of the modulator, a common issue for almost all polymer based devices, can be further improved by developing new EO polymers with higher glass transition temperatures and crosslinking chemistry, and by hermetically sealing the EO polymer and removing oxygen in the device packaging [65]. More detailed studies of EO polymer thermal stability indicate that operation up to 150℃ results in a change of EO coefficients < 10% [66,67].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Broadband energy-efficient optical modulation by hybrid integration of silicon nanophotonics and organic electro-optic polymer

et al. 2015

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Silicon-organic hybrid integrated devices have emerging applications ranging from high-speed optical interconnects to photonic electromagnetic-field sensors. Silicon slot photonic crystal waveguides (PCWs) filled with electro-optic (EO) polymers combine the slow-light effect in PCWs with the high polarizability of EO polymers, which promises the realization of high-performance optical modulators. In this paper, a broadband, power-efficient, low-dispersion, and compact optical modulator based on an EO polymer filled silicon slot PCW is presented. A small voltage-length product of Vπ×L=0.282V×mm is achieved, corresponding to an unprecedented record-high effective in-device EO coefficient (r33) of 1230pm/V. Assisted by a backside gate voltage, the modulation response up to 50GHz is observed, with a 3-dB bandwidth of 15GHz, and the estimated energy consumption is 94.4fJ/bit at 10Gbit/s. Furthermore, lattice-shifted PCWs are utilized to enhance the optical bandwidth by a factor of ~10X over other modulators based on non-band-engineered PCWs and ring-resonators.

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“…While SEO125 is a newly developed material and its complete characterization in terms of performance and photo-stability is an ongoing effort. EO polymers with similar compositions have been demonstrated to have potential long-term stability by removing oxygen in the packaging of devices [41]. This modulator have potential applications ranging from optical interconnects [3] to microwave photonic sensing [42].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Miniaturized low-power electro-optic modulator based on silicon integrated nanophotonics and organic polymers

Zhang

Hosseini

Luo

et al. 2014

Light Manipulating Organic Materials and Devices

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We design and demonstrate a compact, low-power, low-dispersion and broadband optical modulator based on electrooptic (EO) polymer refilled silicon slot photonic crystal waveguide (PCW). The EO polymer is engineered for large EO activity and near-infrared transparency. The half-wave switching-voltage is measured to be Vπ=0.97±0.02V over optical spectrum range of 8nm, corresponding to a record-high effective in-device r33 of 1190pm/V and Vπ×L of 0.291±0.006V×mm in a push-pull configuration. Excluding the slow-light effect, we estimate the EO polymer is poled with an ultra-high efficiency of 89pm/V in the slot. In addition, to achieve high-speed modulation, silicon PCW is selectively doped to reduce RC time delay. The 3-dB RF bandwidth of the modulator is measured to be 11GHz, and a modulation response up to 40GHz is observed.

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Photo-Stability Measurement of Electro-Optic Polymer Waveguides With High Intensity at 1550-nm Wavelength

Cited by 15 publications

References 13 publications

Wide optical spectrum range, subvolt, compact modulator based on an electro-optic polymer refilled silicon slot photonic crystal waveguide

Wide optical spectrum range, subvolt, compact modulator based on an electro-optic polymer refilled silicon slot photonic crystal waveguide

Broadband energy-efficient optical modulation by hybrid integration of silicon nanophotonics and organic electro-optic polymer

Miniaturized low-power electro-optic modulator based on silicon integrated nanophotonics and organic polymers

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