A phosphatidylcholine-based cerasome (PC-cerasome) was
prepared
by a combination of a copper-catalyzed azide alkyne cyclo-addition
(CuAAC) reaction and a sol–gel condensation process. In a 2
wt % urea aqueous solution, azide precursors containing a triethoxysilane
group (TEOS) were coupled with an alkyne lysolipid (AL) through a
CuAAC reaction to generate triethoxysilane triazole-phosphatidylcholine
(TEOSTPC) molecules. TEOSTPC self-assembled into liposomes immediately
after formation. Incubation of the liposomes at 50 °C led to
a gradual hydrolysis and decomposition of urea, which caused a mildly
basic condition. Simultaneously, a base-catalyzed sol–gel condensation
of TEOS groups occurred and drove formation of a silica network in
the bilayer membranes of the TEOSTPC-liposomes, resulting in cerasomes
with an organic/inorganic hybrid shell composed of PC and an SO2 network. Because of the presence of the SO2 network
in the bilayer membrane, the cerasomes exhibited good structural stability
in the aqueous phase and maintained the vesicular structure even when
dispersed in water-miscible organic solvents. Coexistence of the bilayer
membrane and SiO2 was verified, which is indicative of
an intramembrane sol–gel condensation. The formation process
of an SiO2 network in the bilayer membrane was verified
using spiropyran-containing triazole-phosphatidylcholine (SPTPC) as
a molecular probe. The SPTPC was embedded in TEOSTPC-liposomes, and
subsequent sol–gel condensation anchored the SPTPCs in the
SiO2 network. During sol–gel condensation, SP isomerized
to merocyanine (MC), indicating that the polarity of the microenvironment
in the bilayer membrane increased due to formation of the SiO2 network. Moreover, the rigidity of the SiO2 network
prohibited MC-to-SP recovery, resulting in a cerasome with a MC-functionalized
shell. Based on the structural stability of the PC-cerasome and the
convenient preparation method combining CuAAC and sol–gel condensation,
we anticipate that these PC-cerasomes will find broad utility in the
construction of vesicular materials with functionalized shells.