Phosphorylated κ‐Carrageenan‐Facilitated Chitosan Nanovehicle for Sustainable Anti‐Tuberculosis Multi Drug Delivery

Abstract

Phosphorylated κ‐carrageenan has the potential to exhibit higher antioxidant activity than other polysaccharides. Low‐molecular‐weight κ‐carrageenan polysaccharides (LMW κ‐CAR) were prepared through oxidative degradation of high‐molecular‐weight κ‐carrageenan, and LMW κ‐CAR subjected into phosphorylation. Phosphorylated κ‐carrageenan (PCAR)‐chitosan (CS) nanoparticles was prepared by emulsification technique, followed by ionic gelation technique. Rifampicin (RF) and isoniazid (INH) were used as model drugs and encapsulated in CS‐PCAR nanocarriers. The encapsulation of drugs (RF and INH) in the CS‐PCAR polymeric carrier was verified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR). The analysis of X‐ray diffraction (XRD) data demonstrated both RF and INH were loaded in the CS‐PCAR nanocarrier in an amorphous form. As observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), CS‐PCAR nanoparticles shows spherical structure with soft surface and exhibited good aggregation, whereas INH and RF loaded CS‐PCAR nanoparticles had varying shapes like hexagonal, that indicates their different compositions and structures. Encapsulation efficiency was determined by UV‐Vis, which was interrelated to the initial concentration of INH and RF. Cumulative release of RF and INH from CS‐PCAR nanoparticles was observed in in‐vitro studies. An initial, tremendous release was observed from both RF and INH drug formulated carriers, which was followed a regular prolonged releases. The outcome of the drug release was controlled by their drug quantity, indicating that the discharge could be suffered by concentration of drug. The results suggest that CS‐PCAR nanoparticles are a pretty system for simultaneous release of RF and INH in the treatment of tuberculosis.

A promising drug delivery candidate (CS-g-PMDA-CYS-fused gold nanoparticles) for inhibition of multidrug-resistant uropathogenic Serratia marcescens

“…The synthesis of multi drugs loaded CS-g-PMDA-CYS conjugated AuNPs was carried out by the following reported protocol (Amarnath Praphakar et al., 2017 ). In this preparation, CS-g-PMDA-CYS (1000 mg) and INH (100 mg) were dispersed in DD water (10 mL).…”

“…Besides, the mucoadhesive feature likewise expands its maintenance over-focused substrates. Be that as it may, CS gives a few restrictions, unsteadiness, and ensnarement proficiency of loaded drugs (Amarnath Praphakar et al., 2017 ). Expanded examinations gave an account of CS hydrophilic/hydrophobic adjustments in an offer to defeat its downsides in sedate conveyance frameworks (Amarnath Praphakar et al., 2018 , 2019 ).…”

<p>The Effects Study of Isoniazid Conjugated Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes Nanofluid on <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em></p>

“…Figure 3 is related to the SEM images of the MWNT-COOH, and Figure 4 exhibits the nanotubes functionalized with INH. 10 The MWCNT-COOH ( Figure 3) has a smooth surface. The changes in the morphology for MWCNT-INH ( Figure 4) are significant.…”

“…So, researchers successfully used and confirmed several nano vehicles for sustainable anti-TB multi-drug delivery. [10][11][12] Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), as biocompatible polymers, are known for the capability of high drug loading, stable release, and significant diffusion in the body. 13 Therefore, the importance of CNTs has been recognized in the pharmaceutical industry.…”

Carbohydrate‐based nanomaterials for biomedical applications

“…Moreover, the combination of CRG with other polysaccharides was exploited for biomedical applications. Relevant examples are the cross‐linked starch‐κ‐carrageenan hydrogel for extended release of zaltoprofen (Sonawane & Patil, ), the glucan/carrageenan hydrogels for wound healing (Nair, Raman, & Doble, ), and the κ‐carrageenan/chitosan nanosystems for drug delivery (Amarnath Praphakar et al, ; Karimi, Mahdavinia, & Massoumi, ; Mahdavinia, Mosallanezhad, Soleymani, & Sabzi, ; Rochín‐Wong et al, ).…”