Phosphorus‐Containing Polymers and Oligomers

Abstract

Phosphorus polymers and oligomers are surveyed with emphasis on methods of synthesis and utility. Red phosphorus is a useful flame‐retardant insoluble polymer. Polyphosphoric acid has catalytic utility, and its salts find use in chelation and flame retardancy. Phosphorus‐nitrogen polymers and oligomers may be involved in the synergistic flame‐retardant action of combinations of phosphorus and nitrogen compounds, such as on cellulose. Lower oxidation state organic phosphorus polymers and oligomers such as phosphines and phosphites have stabilizer and catalyst utility. Higher oxidation state phosphorus polymers and oligomers such as phosphates and phosphonates, made mainly by condensation reactions, have flame‐retardant utility in plastics as additives and reactive modifiers and also in as textile additives and finishes.

Synthesize Structural, Dielectric, and Optical Properties of Phosphorus Pentasulfide Modified Co-Polyurethane for Electrical Applications

“…These characteristics of the generated polymeric material enable it to be used in a variety of applications. Flame retardant, supercapacitor, superconductor, semiconductor, catalyst, sensor, metal extraction, metal uptake, and battery are only a few of these uses [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16].…”

“…(6) The conductivity versus frequency measurement at room temperature Fig. (7) Impedance versus frequency for film sampleFigure(8) illustrates the dc electrical conductivity of the prepared film sample measured at temperatures ranging from 300 to 400 K. The following equation[41] can be used to calculate conductivity: σ =σ0 exp (-ΔE/kT)(2) where σ is the conductivity, σ0 is the pre-exponential factor, T is the material temperature in K, ΔE is the conduction activation energy, and k is the Boltzman constant. The conduction activation energy (ΔE) is defined as the smallest amount of energy necessary to initiate an electrical conduction chemical reaction.…”