Fire behavior and flame-retardant properties of application-oriented fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs)

Häublein, Markus; Demleitner, Martin; Altstädt, Volker

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820512-9.00008-3

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…In general, two choices are available for the FRP manufacturer for complying with fire behavior regulations: (1) Employing intrinsically flame redundant polymers, and (2) modifying commercial polymer systems with fire redundant agents. Table 6 presents a comparison between the abovementioned methods considering technical and economic aspects 106,107 …”

Section: Challenges For Application Of Frps In the Railway Industrymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent advancements in the applications of fiber‐reinforced polymer structures in railway industry—A review

Saeedi,

Motavalli,

Shahverdi

2023

Polymer Composites

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The application of fiber‐reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials and structures in various industrial sectors is expanding significantly to meet the rising demand for efficient, reliable, and functional building materials. Using FRPs can be an excellent strategy for enhancing railway structures and equipment because of their high strength‐to‐weight ratio, tailorable mechanical properties, and suitable long‐term characteristics. However, the railway industry appears to be hesitant to adopt composite materials compared to other transportation sectors like aerospace. It seems that there is still a long way to go before FRPs reach their full potential in railway applications. The goal of the current study is to explore the current uses of FRPs in the railway industry and the significant challenges, obstacles and difficulties that must be overcome to put FRP‐based concepts into practice for structural and rail vehicle applications.Highlights Applications of FRPs in railway vehicles and rail lines are reviewed. Main challenges for utilization of FRP in railway industry are studied. Future trends and applications of FRPs in the railway sector are introduced.

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Section: Challenges For Application Of Frps In the Railway Industrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Table 6 presents a comparison between the abovementioned methods considering technical and economic aspects. 106,107…”

Section: Flammability and Fire Resistance Challengementioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advancements in the applications of fiber‐reinforced polymer structures in railway industry—A review

Saeedi,

Motavalli,

Shahverdi

2023

Polymer Composites

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“…2 Additionally, due to their capacity to allow light weighting, GFRECs are in high demand to reduce the overall mass of trains, ships, or airplanes and thus increase fuel efficiency. 3,4 This study is carried out on diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA), chosen as the matrix due to its potential universal applications ranging from electrical parts to the aerospace industry. 5 However, DGEBA is highly flammable, thus requiring the use of additives to enhance its flame retardancy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The modification of epoxy resins (EP) systems and glass fiber‐reinforced epoxy composites (GFRECs) for flame retardancy applications in these industries is critical, owing to the wide range of material characteristics of these resin systems, including highly desirable mechanical properties, easy processing, low shrinkage during resin curing, and good adhesion to glass fibers 2 . Additionally, due to their capacity to allow light weighting, GFRECs are in high demand to reduce the overall mass of trains, ships, or airplanes and thus increase fuel efficiency 3,4 . This study is carried out on diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA), chosen as the matrix due to its potential universal applications ranging from electrical parts to the aerospace industry 5 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic investigation of the transfer of polyphosphate/inorganic silicate flame retardants from epoxy resins to layered glass fiber‐reinforced composites and their post‐furnace flexural properties

Sunder,

Jauregui Rozo,

Inasu

et al. 2024

Polymer Composites

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The systematic transfer of solvent‐free, additive flame retardant (FR) formulations from epoxy resins to glass fiber‐reinforced epoxy composites (GFRECs) through prepregs is difficult. Additionally, obtaining data on their post‐fire mechanics is often challenging. Utilizing melamine polyphosphate (MPP), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and silane‐coated ammonium polyphosphate (SiAPP) FRs with low‐melting inorganic silicates (InSi) in an 8:2 proportion and 10% loading by weight in a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) resin, a systematic investigation of the processing properties, room‐temperature mechanics, and temperature‐based mechanics of the systems was performed. The resin was cured with a dicyandiamide hardener (DICY) and a urone accelerator. The results revealed no substantial impact of these FRs at the current loading on the resin's glass transition temperature or processability. However, the fire residues from cone calorimetry tests of the composites containing FRs were found to be only 15‐20% of the thickness of the resins, implying a suppression of intumescence upon transfer. At room temperature, the decrease in the flexural modulus for the composites containing FRs was negligible. Exposure of the composites in a furnace at 400°C as a preliminary study before ignition tests was shown to cause significant flexural moduli reductions after 2.5 min of exposure and complete delamination after 3 min making further testing unviable. This study emphasizes the need for future research on recovering modes of action upon transfer of FR formulations from resins to composites. Based on the challenges outlined in this investigation, sample adaptation methods for post‐fire analysis will be developed in a future study.Highlights Processibility of resins for prepreg production unaffected by polyphosphate/inorganic silicate flame retardants (FRs). FR formulations had a negligible effect on the mechanics of the composites. 15%–25% increase in the fracture toughness of the DGEBA‐based resin matrix with FRs. Suppression of intumescent behavior in the composites verified quantitatively. Significant reduction in flexural moduli of the composites post‐400°C exposure in a furnace.

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“…At present, the main matrix resins in GF composites are epoxy and BMI. GF/epoxy composites are usually applied for control surfaces, fairings, radomes, and rotor blades of aircraft [13], comparatively, GF/BMI composites are mainly used for interior decorations, high performance radomes, electrochemical corrosion resistant liners, and auxiliary power unit panels [14][15][16]. However, compared to traditional metal materials used in aircraft, although GF has excellent fireproof and fire-resistant performance, BMI can decompose, even burn, and release toxic fumes when exposed to high temperature or flame, even though no melt drops are produced.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Study of Thermal and Fire Reaction Properties of Glass Fiber/Bismaleimide Composites for Aeronautic Application

Wang

et al. 2023

Polymers

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Thermal behavior and fire reaction properties of aerial glass fiber (GF)/bismaleimide (BMI) composites were tested using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), thermogravimetric coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR), cone calorimeter, limiting oxygen index, and smoke density chamber. The results showed that the pyrolysis process was one stage in a nitrogen atmosphere with the prominent volatile components of CO2, H2O, CH4, NOx, and SO2. The release of heat and smoke increased with the increase in heat flux, while the time required to reach hazardous conditions decreased. The limiting oxygen index decreased monotonically from 47.8% to 39.0% with increasing experimental temperature. The maximum specific optical density within 20 min in the non-flaming mode was greater than that in the flaming mode. According to the four kinds of fire hazard assessment indicators, the greater the heat flux, the higher the fire hazard, for the contribution of more decomposed components. The calculations of two indices confirmed that the smoke release in the early stage of fire was more negative under flaming mode. This work can provide a comprehensive understanding of the thermal and fire characteristics of GF/BMI composites used for aircraft.

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Fire behavior and flame-retardant properties of application-oriented fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs)

Cited by 7 publications

References 97 publications

Recent advancements in the applications of fiber‐reinforced polymer structures in railway industry—A review

Recent advancements in the applications of fiber‐reinforced polymer structures in railway industry—A review

A systematic investigation of the transfer of polyphosphate/inorganic silicate flame retardants from epoxy resins to layered glass fiber‐reinforced composites and their post‐furnace flexural properties

Experimental Study of Thermal and Fire Reaction Properties of Glass Fiber/Bismaleimide Composites for Aeronautic Application

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