Phase Diagram of Electrostricted H₂O at Surfaces of Electrodes at 273–373 K: Electric Critical Point of Water

Abstract

The equation of state of an open system containing water in an electric field of strength E greater than 108 V m-1 leads to a phase diagram with two-phase and single-phase regions in the Pi,E,T coordinates (=electrostriction pressure). The phases differ by their degree of orientation of H2O molecules in the field. The phase transition is discontinuous with respect to E. The calculation shows that the discontinuity vanishes at the critical point: Pi(c) approximately 0.2 GPa, Ec approximately 109 V m-1 and below 313 K. The thermal effect of the transition is calculated and compared with an experiment at the Hg/aqueous electrolyte interface found in the literature.

Properties of Hydration Shells of Protein Molecules at their Pressure‐ and Temperature‐Induced Native‐Denatured Transition

“…The rigorous equation of state of H 2 O appearing in previous work [19,24] makes basis for a discussion on the pressure and thermal behaviour of H 2 O in high electric fields. It is briefly recalled herein for the sake of completeness.…”

“…From Equation (3), in a way described earlier, [24] one obtains the equation of state of H 2 O expressed in the variables T,P,s as [Eq. (4)]:…”

Preparation of Electric- and Magnetic-Activated Water and Its Influence on the Workability and Mechanical Properties of Cement Mortar

“…As a result, under the effect of the high voltage field, the hydrogen atoms located at the positive charge center of the water molecules move towards the cathode, while the oxygen atoms located at the negative charge center move towards the opposite direction. The opposite forces applied on the hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms lead to the decomposition of the larger molecular clusters into small molecular clusters, which enhances the activity of the water [41,42]. It is worth noting that the asymmetric structure of the water inlet and outlet of the device was designed to produce fully activated water.…”

“…This improved fluidity could be attributed the opposite forces applied on the hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms through the high voltage of 2400 V, which leads to the decomposition of the large molecular clusters. Consequently, the water molecules can be arranged closer together and the density increases, resulting in an increase of the buoyancy of activated water [42,43]. This can improve the dispersion of the solid phase during hydration reaction, allowing cement particles uniformly dispersed in the water, increasing hydration reaction products and thus promoting the formation of a thicker and more stable C-S-H hydration film on the surface of the cement slurry at the beginning of the hydration process.…”

Role of electromechanical and mechanoelectric effects in protein hydration under hydrostatic pressure

“…The paper is organized as follows. Firstly, a thermodynamic equation of state of an open system consisting of water in high electric field in contact with water in no field 32,33 is recalled. Hydration water at hydrophilic places of protein is considered as residing in an electric field and bulk water-as being outside the field.…”