Pharmacokinetics of intravenously and orally administered sotalol hydrochloride in horses and effects on surface electrocardiogram and left ventricular systolic function

Pharmacokinetics and electrophysiological effects of sotalol hydrochloride in horses

“…This was in accordance with results from our previous study [7]. In this study, no bradycardia or other b-blocking effects were observed.…”

“…Average steady-state concentrations and the AUC between dosing intervals in the present study in unfasted horses were about 50% lower than the values predicted by the previous study. Time to reach maximal plasma concentrations ranged from 1.47 to 2.56 h, compared with 1 h in fasted horses [7], indicating that also the rate of absorption is decreased when administering the drug with feed. These differences illustrate the effect of feeding on the bioavailability of sotalol.…”

“…administration in the horse, using a full sampling protocol for each subject [7]. For our study, we chose to limit the number of blood samples drawn from each horse for ethical concerns as well as practical feasibility.…”

“…Sotalol plasma concentrations were measured using a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method, as described before [7]. Sotalol plasma concentrations were measured using a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method, as described before [7].…”

“…Fractional shortening, left ventricular pre-ejection period, left ventricular pre-ejection time and pre-ejection period to ejection time ratio were measured as described elsewhere at a heart rate (HR) between 32 and 40 beats/min [7,9]. A modified base-apex ECG was recorded simultaneously.…”