Pesticide residues in vegetable samples from the Andaman Islands, India

Abstract

Vegetable samples of brinjal, okra, green chilli, crucifers, and cucurbits collected from farmers' field were tested for the presence of organochlorine (OC), organophosphorus (OP), and synthetic pyrethroid (SP) compounds using a gas chromatograph equipped with electron capture and flame thermionic detectors. Of the samples tested, 34.0% were found to have pesticide residues. Among the OC compounds, α-endosulfan, β-endosulfan, and endosulfan sulfate were detected in 14.5% of the samples with residues. These were taken from crucifer, okra, green chilli, and cucurbit samples. SP compound residues, such as α-cypermethrin, fenvalerate I, fluvalinate I, deltamethrin, and λ-cyhalothrin were detected in 32% of the samples with residues. OP compound residues such as chlorpyrifos, profenofos, monocrotophos, triazophos, ethion, dimethoate, and acephate were found in 54% of the samples with residues, which were taken from all vegetable samples. Of the positive samples, 15.3% were found to contain residues exceeding the prescribed maximum residue limit. The average pesticide residue content across all the vegetable samples was 0.108 ppm, with values ranging from 0.008 to 2.099 ppm. Multiple residues of more than one compound were detected in 34.1% of samples containing residues.

Induction of DNA base damage and strand breaks in peripheral erythrocytes and the underlying mechanism in goldfish (Carassius auratus) exposed to monocrotophos

“…It has been banned in Western countries like the USA, but is still widely used in some African and Asian countries because of its good insecticidal efficacy and low price (Tariq et al 2004;Kumari et al 2007;Krause et al 2013). Monocrotophos residues in brinjal, okra, cucurbits, crucifers, and green chili were found to be 0.023-1.140 mg/kg (Swarnam and Velmurugan 2013) on the Andaman Islands, India, and its concentration in the industrial wastewater near Lucknow City, India, was reported to be 8.32 ± 3.9 lg/L (Anjum and Malik 2013). Monocrotophos residues can enter the aquatic environment through surface runoff or be absorbed by organisms via the food chain and thereby alter the genetic materials of exposed organisms and induce DNA damage (Saleha Banu et al 2001;Ali and Kumar 2008), which includes DNA single-strand breaks (SSB), double-strand breaks (DSB), alkali-labile sites (ALS), DNA base oxidation, DNA-protein cross-links, and DNA-DNA cross-links (Ribas-Maynou et al 2014).…”

Profenofos insecticide degradation by novel microbial consortium and isolates enriched from contaminated chili farm soil

“…This results in OPP contamination in environmental media including soil, groundwater, and surface water (Roverdatti 2001;Kanekar et al 2004). Among pesticides under OPP, profenofos (O-4-bromo-2-chlorophenyl O-ethyl S-propyl phosphorothioate), C 11 H 15 BrClO 3 PS, is one of OPPs broadly used in many countries, such as Thailand, Vietnam, and India (Swarnam and Velmurugan 2013;Toan et al 2013). Profenofos (PF) is normally used for pest control in cotton, fruit, chili, and vegetable cultivation.…”

Genetic analysis of molecular markers for propamocarb residue in Cucumis sativus using quantitative trait locus mapping

“…For example, several studies have concentrated on the regulatory effects of cytochrome P450, glutathione, and the ABC transporter protein on pesticide metabolism in plants (Shiota et al, 1996;Brazier-Hicks et al, 2008;Meng et al, 2016). The GC technique has been widely used to analyze pesticide residues of relatively small molecular weight, high volatility, and heat-stability (González-Rodríguez et al, 2008;Swarnam and Velmurugan, 2013). In our study, GC was used to analyze the levels of propamocarb residue in cucumber fruits.…”