Pesticide Residues Analysis by Electroanalytical Techniques

Detection of Synthetic Antioxidants: What Factors Affect the Efficiency in the Chromatographic Analysis and in the Electrochemical Analysis?

“…Considering the quality control of products and processes, they are techniques capable of identifying and quantifying low concentrations of organic and inorganic compounds. Voltammetric techniques are most promising in chemical analysis in general and can replace conventional techniques (chromatographic separation and detection and spectroscopic techniques) in industrial processes and quality control in chemical, pharmaceutical, and food industries, as well as in environmental analysis [ 96 ].…”

“…SWV presents the best sensitivity among all voltammetric techniques and has been reported in the analysis of synthetic antioxidants in foodstuffs. In SWV, a series of cathodic and anodic pulses with equal amplitude are applied under a staircase potential, which promotes reduction and/or oxidation reaction, and the resultant signal of current is the difference between both currents measured at the final of each pulse, resulting in a significant increase in the sensitivity [ 96 , 99 ].…”

“…Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), where the current is measured when the electrode potential is varied linearly with time, begins in a value where no reaction occurs and follows until a value where reduction or oxidation reactions occur has been reported in some research for antioxidant detection [ 96 , 99 ]. However, LSV results in low sensitivity when compared with pulse techniques, such as DPV and SWV.…”

“…The preparation of working electrodes requires a specific procedure according to the material employed, allowing for specific protocols that combine the surface cleaned by specific solvents or surfactants, alteration of the exposed microstructure by mechanical polishing, manipulation of the surface chemistry by an electrochemical process that can improve the intensity and reproducibility of the analytical signal [ 96 ]. Additionally, working electrodes with different types of materials and geometries are commercially available, and many can be employed for surface modification and specific uses.…”