Detection of Synthetic Antioxidants: What Factors Affect the Efficiency in the Chromatographic Analysis and in the Electrochemical Analysis?

Abstract

Antioxidants are food additives largely employed to inhibit oxidative reactions in foodstuffs rich in oils and fat lipids, extending the shelf life of foodstuffs and inhibiting alterations in color, flavor, smell, and loss of nutritional value. However, various research has demonstrated that the inadequate use of synthetic antioxidants results in environmental and health problems due to the fact that some of these compounds present toxicity, and their presence in the human body, in high concentrations, is related to the development of some cancer types and other diseases. Therefore, the development of analytical methods for identifying and quantifying synthetic antioxidants in foodstuffs is fundamental to quality control and in ensuring consumer food safety. This review describes the recent chromatographic and electrochemical techniques used in the detection of synthetic phenolic antioxidants in foodstuffs, highlighting the main characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of these methods, and specific typical features, which include extraction methods for sample preparation and materials used in the working electrode construction, considering chromatographic and voltammetric methods, since these specific features influence the efficiency in the analysis.

Quantification of the Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidant Cyanox 1790 in Bottled Water with SPE-HPLC/MS/MS and Determination of the Impact of the Use of Recycled Packaging on Its Generation

“…Figure 3 shows an R 2 value of 0.99995 and a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.99998 for repeatability and reproducibility for the standards and SPE between 5.0, 2.5, 1.5, 0.5, 0.25, 0.1, 0.05, 0.025, 0.001, and 0 ppm Cyanox 1790 in ACN. These results are more accurate (0.04%) than similar studies for the determination of SPAs [22,80]. This coefficient shows a directly proportional relationship between the theoretical and experimental values.…”

“…In the literature, there is no evidence of more in-depth studies on the risk of Cyanox, so the information presented in this research will also serve as an input for other researchers to continue exploring its health risks. Concern about SPAs has increased as they have been identified in water samples [3,11,[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25], but their presence has not been linked to their migration from plastics and has not been linked to the use of recycled bottles. It is well-known that the current worldwide trend of bottled-water processing plants is to increase the recycling and reuse of these containers [54,55].…”

Recovery of an Antioxidant Derived from a Phenolic Diphosphite from Wastewater during the Production of a Polypropylene Compound: A Step towards Sustainable Management

“…Chemical techniques used to extract, identify, detect, and quantify OPEs at different sites include liquid phase microextraction (LPME), solid-phase extraction (SPE), and solid-phase microextraction (SPME) techniques, among others [ 35 , 45 , 46 , 47 ], which, combined with instruments such as thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal scanning (DSC), Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and gas chromatography (GC), have allowed obtaining reliable results for the scientific community [ 38 , 39 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 ].…”

A New Route of Valorization of Petrochemical Wastewater: Recovery of 1,3,5-Tris (4-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl benzyl)–1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-(1H,3H,5H)-trione (Cyanox 1790) and Its Subsequent Application in a PP Matrix to Improve Its Thermal Stability

“…It is known that some of the SPAs, under certain conditions, can cause DNA strand breakage. SPAs are also of concern due to their bioaccumulation and high toxicity in aquatic environments [26,[32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41]. 2,6-Di-tert-Butylphenol has been shown to pose a cancer risk [41].…”