Perspective and application of modified electrode material technology in electrochemical voltammetric sensors for analysis and detection of illicit drugs

Smart Multiplex Point-of-Care Platform for Simultaneous Drug Monitoring

“…Drug abuse has detrimental impacts in terms of not only the mental and physical well-being of those who abuse drugs but also the social cost to the community. , According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 2021 World Drug Report, almost 275 million people used drugs in the last year, with over 36 million people suffering from drug use problems. Recent worldwide statistics showed that over 5.5% of the population aged 15–64 years has used illegal drugs at least once in the last year, with 36.3 million people suffering from drug use problems.…”

“…Drugs are classed as stimulants, hallucinogens, and depressants based on their physical and psychological impacts . Stimulants, often known as uppers, such as cannabis, cocaine, ecstasy, and amphetamine affect the central nervous system and make the user feel energized, focused, and alert. ,− Depressants, also called downers, have a relaxing impact on the nervous system and anxiety, induce sleep, and reduce brain and nerve activity . Opioids (e.g., heroin, codeine, morphine, fentanyl), barbiturates (e.g., phenobarbital, thiopental), benzodiazepines (e.g., alprazolam, diazepam, clonazepam, lorazepam), and alcohol are classified as depressants. , For medical conditions such as insomnia and obsessive-compulsive disorder, depressants are prescribed for treatment purposes. , Abusing depressant use has become more widespread over time, especially when they are used with stimulants to counteract the depressive effects …”

Cyclic and Linear Sweep Voltammetric Studies of a Modified Carbon Paste Electrode with Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles toward Tamoxifen: Effects of Surface Modification on Electrode Response Kinetics

“…According to the discussion illustrated above, quantification, detection, and separation of TAM in biological fluids and pharmaceutical formulations have been followed by researchers. For this goal, various analytical techniques including high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis, potentiometry, GC-mass spectrometry, polarography, single sweep voltammetry, and spectrophotometry have been used. − Compared to the mentioned analytical techniques, electrochemical methods are more important to analytical chemists for analyzing various compounds containing electroactive functional groups due to their excellent advantages such as low cost, high sensitivity, and relatively short analysis time. − Accordingly, introducing novel catalysts/compounds with simple/eco-friendly synthesis procedures for various chemical applications has great interest. − Thus, electrochemical methods have adopted great application in detecting and determining various compounds such as pharmaceutics and biomolecules. − Anticancer drugs have OH and NH 2 electroactive functional groups, which can generate electroanalytical signals due to electrooxidation or due to oxidative cyclization reactions . To enhance selectivity, sensitivity, and other characteristics of the electrode, surface modification of electrodes has been used.…”

ZnFe2O4@SiO2‐ascorbic acid: Green, magnetic, and versatile catalyst for the synthesis of chromeno[2,3‐d] pyrimidine‐8‐amine and quinazoline derivatives

“…In the previous decade, we have witnessed a quick and remarkable growth in the use of nanomaterials as catalyst supports. [1][2][3][4] Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have received much attention due to their unique advantages such as a high surface area to bulk ratios, [5] high activity, [6] low toxicity, [7] drug delivery property, [8] biomedical applications, [9][10][11][12] and thermal stability and easy separation. MNPs can be readily separated from a reaction medium using an external magnet, without the need for filtration or centrifugation.…”