Personal space.

Abstract

Major findings of personal-space research are reported in the fields of clinical psychology, personality, demographic studies (including sex, age, cross-cultural studies), and studies of the effects of familiarity and affinity. The substantial lack of consistent findings in the literature is attributed to the lack of experimental controls in most of the personal-space research. It is suggested that researchers explore personal space using multivariate techniques. In addition to a brief exposition of theoretical developments, a theory is presented which suggests that personal space is a functional, mediating, cognitive construct which allows the human organism to operate at acceptable stress levels and aids in the control of intraspecies aggression. Clinical and PersonalityMany studies suggest that subjects with personality abnormalities need more personal

Investigating Cross-Cultural Differences in the Privacy Regulation and Perception of Crowding: Northern and Yazdi Women in Iran

“…Hall's studies became the basis of subsequent research in the field of cultural effects on special behavior and the personal space of citizenry. Researchers, working on the basis of Hall's classification, indicating Mediterranean (contact groups) and northern European (non-contact groups) characteristics, supported his results and ideas through surveys they had undertaken (Watson and Graves 1966, Forston and Larson 1968, Little 1968, Sommer 1968, Ziller, Engerbretson and Fullmer 1970, Evans and Howard 1973, Hayduk 1983, Sandor, Hakky and Brizzolara 1985, Remland 1995. Consistent with these studies, it was assumed that Northern and Yazdi women would differ in their privacy regulation.…”

“…Some other researchers are accomplished in the sequel to Hall's studies, which are done in the area of comparing the privacy regulation among and within different cultures and subcultures (Watson and Graves, 1966;Forston and Larson, 1968;Little, 1968;Sommer, 1968;Ziller et al, 1968;Engerbretson and Fullmer, 1970;Evans and Howard, 1973;Altman, 1975;Hayduk, 1983;Sanders et al, 1985;Remland, 1995). Despite all these studies, there are lots of other cultures and subcultures globally whose spatial behaviour and utilization of space yet remain unstudied.…”

Online aggression: The influences of anonymity and social modeling.

“…Males also maintained larger interpersonal distances during social interactions with other users. This gender distinction occurs in FtF interactions outside of the computer world as well (Aiello & Jones, 1971;Evans & Howard, 1973). This study uncovered evidence for FtF social phenomenon in the CMC world.…”

Introversion and human-contaminant disgust sensitivity predict personal space

“…Researchers investigated whether personal space may vary depending on cultural background, sex, and age; experiments were conducted to examine effects of contextual variables on personal space (for reviews, see Evans & Howard, 1973;Hayduk, 1978Hayduk, , 1983. With respect to personality traits, a number of studies yielded intuitively sensible results.…”