Major findings of personal-space research are reported in the fields of clinical psychology, personality, demographic studies (including sex, age, cross-cultural studies), and studies of the effects of familiarity and affinity. The substantial lack of consistent findings in the literature is attributed to the lack of experimental controls in most of the personal-space research. It is suggested that researchers explore personal space using multivariate techniques. In addition to a brief exposition of theoretical developments, a theory is presented which suggests that personal space is a functional, mediating, cognitive construct which allows the human organism to operate at acceptable stress levels and aids in the control of intraspecies aggression.
Clinical and PersonalityMany studies suggest that subjects with personality abnormalities need more personal
Suspensions of isolated parenchymal cells were prepared from rat liver by incubation with collagenase and hyaluronidase followed by mechanical treatment. Utilization of 0.15 % collagenase together with 0.15% hyaluronidase yielded adequate numbers of cells for experimental purposes. As shown by light and electron microscopy, approximately 75% of the isolated cells retain their structural integrity. The cell suspensions are capable of maintaining endogenous respiration in the presence of 1 % albumin for periods of time up to 8 hr. These cell preparations consist almost entirely of parenchymal cells and offer a unique tissue preparation for the study of hepatic metabolism.
Further modifications of the enzymatic technique for the preparation of isolated, intact, parenchymal cells from rat liver as previously described by this laboratory are presented together with a detailed account of several critical factors involved during the procedure . In addition, the fine structure of the cells as revealed by electron microscopy and the characteristics of their respiratory activity in different media and with several added substrates are described . It is shown that cells obtained by adding calcium during the preparative procedure retain approximately 34% more potassium than cells prepared solely in a calcium-free medium . The former cells also demonstrate a higher respiratory activity, which is not due to uncoupling of respiration . Electron microscopy reveals that the cells have an intact plasma membrane and well-preserved intracellular organelles . Glycogen particles are observed in all cells and are particularly abundant when either 20 mM pyruvate is added during the preparation or Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium is employed .
Novikoff rat hepatoma cells were propagated in suspension cultures containing 0.5 to 10 muC of 3H-methyl-thymidine, 3H-5-uridine, 3H-G-adenosine or 3H-8-adenine. The presence of the 3H-labeled precursors caused an inhibition of cell replication which was due to a delay or arrest of the cells in G2 and M. The degree of inhibition was proportional to the amount of radioactivity incorporated into nucleic acids. Almost immediate and complete inhibition resulted from incubation with 10 muC 3H-thymidine/ml. The presence of 0.5 muC 3H-thmidine/ml caused a significant increase in the relative proportion of cells in G2+M, even though the population doubling time of the culture appeared to be unaltered.
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