Personal, Situational, and Contextual Correlates of Coping in Adolescence

A review of sex differences in peer relationship processes: Potential trade-offs for the emotional and behavioral development of girls and boys.

“…Additional sex differences have been examined in other responses to stress, but some ambiguity arises regarding whether these responses are voluntary or involuntary. For instance, studies examining emotional expression in adolescence are quite consistent in favoring girls, as reflected in medium to large effects (Connor-Smith et al, 2000;Copeland & Hess, 1995;Ebata & Moos, 1994;Phelps & Jarvis, 1994;Zeman & Shipman, 1997). In addition, boys are often assumed to be more likely than girls to engage in behavioral avoidance and withdrawal (i.e., to avoid problems by physically removing themselves from the situation) and in cognitive avoidance and denial (i.e., to not think about the problem).…”

“…These sex differences are sometimes found in middle childhood and adolescent samples in response to stress in general (Chapman & Mullis, 1999; Copeland & Hess, 1995;Halstead et al, 1993;Herman & McHale, 1993) and peer stress in particular (Causey & Dubow, 1992;Rose & Asher, 2004). However, these effects tend to be small, and it is more common to find no sex difference for both general stress (Bernzweig et al, 1993;Brodzinsky et al, Rose Ebata & Moos, 1994;Halstead et al, 1993;Hastings et al, 1996;Herman & McHale, 1993;Kavsek & Seiffge-Krenke, 1996;Kliewer et al, 1996;Lopez & Little, 1996;Patterson & McCubbin, 1987;Phelps & Jarvis, 1994;Seiffge-Krenke & Stemmler, 2002) and for peer stress (Bowker et al, 2002;Hunter & Boyle, 2004;Whitesell & Harter, 1996). In some cases, the sex difference even favors girls (Connor-Smith et al, 2000;Griffith, Dubow, & Ippolito, 2000).…”

“…Feldman, 1987, 7-8 year old sample). However, for older children and adolescents, the vast majority of studies indicate that girls are more likely than boys to talk about problems and to enlist emotional and instrumental support in response to stress in general (Bird & Harris, 1990;Brodzinsky et al, 1992; Chapman & Mullis, 1999;Ebata & Moos, 1994;Gomez, Holmberg, Bounds, Fullarton, & Gomez, 1999;Halstead, Johnson, & Cunningham, 1993;Hastings, Anderson, & Kelley, 1996;Hunter & Boyle, 2004;Kliewer, Fearnow, & Miller, 1996;Kurdek, 1987;Patterson & McCubbin, 1987;Phelps & Jarvis, 1994;Plancherel & Bolognini, 1995;Wertlieb et al, 1987) and in response to peer stress in particular (Bowker, Bukowski, Hymel, & Sippola, 2000; Casey & Dubow, 1992;Hunter & Boyle, 2004;Phelps, 2001;Rose & Asher, 2004). The effects for these studies generally range from small-tomedium to large.…”

Anger Correlated with Psychosocial Variables in Rural Youth

“…Social support has been studied repeatedly and shown to offset the negative effects of anger by encouraging health-promoting behaviors (Ebata & Moos, 1994;Puskar, Tusaie-Mumford, Sereika, & Lamb, 1999b; Speilberger, 1999;Yeaton & Sechrest, 1981). Increasing levels of social support have been positively associated with decreasing depressive tendencies (Heponiemi et al, 2006) and reducing alcohol use in adolescent populations (HamdanMansour, Puskar, & Serieka, 2007).…”

Correlates of Behavioral Outcomes in Sexually Abused Children

“…A high score indicates positive functioning for the cohesion and expression subscales, while a low score reveals positive family functioning for the conflict subscale. This index is reported to have high internal consistency and good construct validity and has been used extensively as a summary measure of family support (Moos & Moos, 1994). Internal consistency of the FRI French version was evaluated with a group of 229 French-Canadian families and revealed a Cronbach's alpha of 0.89 .…”