Persistent hiccups after treatment of COVID-19 with dexamethasone: A case report

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The precise interaction between the immune system and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) is critical in deciphering the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) and is also vital for developing novel therapeutic tools, including monoclonal antibodies, antivirals drugs, and vaccines. Viral infections need innate and adaptive immune reactions since the various immune components, such as neutrophils, macrophages, CD4 + T, CD8 + T, and B lymphocytes, play different roles in various infections. Consequently, the characterization of innate and adaptive immune reactions toward SARS‐CoV‐2 is crucial for defining the pathogenicity of COVID‐19. In this study, we explain what is currently understood concerning the conventional immune reactions to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection to shed light on the protective and pathogenic role of immune response in this case. Also, in particular, we investigate the in‐depth roles of other immune mediators, including neutrophil elastase, serum amyloid A, and syndecan, in the immunopathogenesis of COVID‐19.

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The deciphering of the immune cells and marker signature in COVID‐19 pathogenesis: An update

Jasim

Mahdi

Bokov

et al. 2022

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“…13 Age above 60, male gender, and the existence of comorbid metabolic disorders such as being overweight, hypertension, and diabetes have been implicated in the COVID-19 development and severity. [14][15][16] Nonetheless, there is a continuous exploration of biological variables related to COVID-19 evolution. Genetic variables may affect the development and course of infectious diseases, according to evidence.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of genetic variants and host polymorphisms on COVID‐19: From viral entrance mechanisms to immunological reactions

Adli

Rahimi

Khodaie

et al. 2022

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), caused by a highly pathogenic emerging virus, is called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). Knowledge regarding the pathogenesis of this virus is in infancy; however, investigation on the pathogenic mechanisms of the SARS‐CoV‐2 is underway. In COVID‐19, one of the most remarkable characteristics is the wide range of disease manifestation and severity seen across individuals of different ethnic backgrounds and geographical locations. To effectively manage COVID‐19 in the populations, beyond SARS‐CoV‐2 detection, serological response assessment, and analytic techniques, it is critical to obtain knowledge about at‐risk individuals and comprehend the identified variations in the disease's severity in general and also in the populations' levels. Several factors can contribute to variation in disease presentation, including population density, gender and age differences, and comorbid circumstances including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and obesity. Genetic factors presumably influence SARS‐CoV‐2 infection susceptibility. Besides this, COVID‐19 has also been linked with a higher risk of mortality in men and certain ethnic groups, revealing that host genetic characteristics may affect the individual risk of death. Also, genetic variants involved in pathologic processes, including virus entrance into cells, antiviral immunity, and inflammatory response, are not entirely understood. Regarding SARS‐CoV‐2 infection characteristics, the present review suggests that various genetic polymorphisms influence virus pathogenicity and host immunity, which might have significant implications for understanding and interpreting the matter of genetics in SARS‐CoV‐2 pathogenicity and customized integrative medical care based on population investigation.

“…Immunometabolism, or metabolic rewiring within and between immune cells, is important in the pathogenesis of inflammatory response and other inflammatory conditions, such as sepsis, in which cytokine storm development performs a critical function in the initiation of ALI/ARDS or multiorgan collapse. 30 , 39 As a result, it is crucial to monitor immunometabolic reprogramming amongst immune effector cells throughout SARS‐CoV2 pathophysiology.…”

Section: Metabolic Reprogramming During Covid‐19mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The transcriptome information collected by the host in reaction to COVID19 contributes to deciphering the alterations in gene expression that occur 36 . In reaction to COVID19, it has already been demonstrated that higher inflammatory cytokine secretion and decreased innate antiviral resistance are present in diverse hosts 37–39 . Particular cell lines have also exhibited autophagic and mitochondrial malfunction, respectively 38 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 36 In reaction to COVID19, it has already been demonstrated that higher inflammatory cytokine secretion and decreased innate antiviral resistance are present in diverse hosts. 37 , 38 , 39 Particular cell lines have also exhibited autophagic and mitochondrial malfunction, respectively. 38 For COVID19, a thorough perception of metabolic reprogramming in the host is still unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) update: From metabolic reprogramming to immunometabolism

Rudiansyah

Jasim

Pour

et al. 2022

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The field of immunometabolism investigates and describes the effects of metabolic rewiring in immune cells throughout activation and the fates of these cells. Recently, it has been appreciated that immunometabolism plays an essential role in the progression of viral infections, cancer, and autoimmune diseases. Regarding COVID‐19, the aberrant immune response underlying the progression of diseases establishes two major respiratory pathologies, including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or pneumonia‐induced acute lung injury (ALI). Both innate and adaptive immunity (T cell‐based) were impaired in the course of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection. Current findings have deciphered that macrophages (innate immune cells) are involved in the inflammatory response seen in COVID‐19. It has been demonstrated that immune system cells can change metabolic reprogramming in some conditions, including autoimmune diseases, cancer, and infectious disease, including COVID‐19. The growing findings on metabolic reprogramming in COVID‐19 allow an exploration of metabolites with immunomodulatory properties as future therapies to combat this hyperinflammatory response. The elucidation of the exact role and mechanism underlying this metabolic reprograming in immune cells could help apply more precise approaches to initial diagnosis, prognosis, and in‐hospital therapy. This report discusses the latest findings from COVID‐19 on host metabolic reprogramming and immunometabolic responses.