Periodontal disease and atherosclerosis

Abstract

Atherosclerotic disease (AD) is one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. It expresses inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and can provoke arterial wall thickening, which can be evaluated using Doppler ultrasound. Risk factors associated with AD include diabetes mellitus, systemic arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia and smoking. More recently, periodontal disease (PD) has been identified as a factor related to AD. Periodontal disease has a high prevalence in the global population and the inflammatory process and bacterial activity at the periodontium appear to increase the risk of AD. Encouraging good oral hygiene can reduce expression of inflammatory markers of AD. A review of literature on PD, AD and inflammatory markers and the interrelationships between the two diseases was conducted using data published in articles indexed on the PUBMED, SCIELO and BIREME databases.Keywords: periodontal disease; atherosclerosis; carotid intima-media thickness. ResumoA doença aterosclerótica (DA) constitui uma das principais causas de morbimortalidade no mundo. A sua expressão laboral pode ser através de marcadores inflamatórios, como a proteína C reativa (PCR) e/ou o espessamento da parede arterial, que pode ser analisado pela ultrassonografia com Doppler colorido. Os fatores de risco associados à DA são o diabetes mellitus, a hipertensão arterial sistêmica, a dislipidemia e o tabagismo. Mais recentemente, a doença periodontal (DP), que tem uma elevada prevalência na população mundial, tem sido considerada um fator relacionado ao desenvolvimento da DA, em que o processo inflamatório e a atividade bacteriana no periodonto parecem aumentar o risco para a DA. A motivação da higiene oral pode diminuir a expressão dos marcadores inflamatórios da DA. Com base em dados publicados em revistas eletrônicas e indexados pelos mecanismos de busca PUBMED, SCIELO e BIREME, foi realizada uma revisão de literatura sobre a DP e a DA, além dos marcadores inflamatórios expressos em ambas as doenças e suas possíveis inter-relações.

Protective Effect of Resveratrol against the Alveolar Bone Loss in Rats with Experimental Periodontitis and Acts Positively on the IL-17

“…In Brazil, prevalence of the moderate form of the disease in adults was 15.3% and the severe form was prevalent in 5.8% of them. In addition, individuals with low education and lowest social classes are the most affected [1][2][3]. Periodontal disease is no longer identified only as an oral health problem, but a public health issue as well, since it is associated with systemic health [4].…”

The Relationship Between Severity of Periodontitis With the Degree of Atherosclerosis in Ischemic Stroke Patients

“…The hypothesis was that periodontitis would relate to increasing IMT because periodontal pathogens colonizing atherosclerotic plaques can be observed throughout the circulatory system. 9,10 Atherosclerosis is a chronic progressive inflammatory disease that often begins early in life with impairment of endothelial function, which leads to the formation of lesions in large and medium elastic and muscular arteries related with a multifactorial cause. It is caused by the accumulation of fat in the intima lining of the blood walls, infiltration of mononuclear cells or monocytes, and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC).…”

“…The disease process is dynamic and is associated with remodelling of the arterial wall, with the appearance of fatty streaks, which are precursor abnormalities of the atheromatous plaques that normally appear at more advanced ages. 8,10,15 Atherosclerotic plaques can progress to significant stenosis after many years of silent development. In the final stages, they can become unstable and progress to rupture, exposing the sub endothelial layer, which contains lipids, collagen, and elastin, and the possibility of thrombus formation, which tends to be the final acute event in the majority of cases of obstructive AD.…”

“…In the final stages, they can become unstable and progress to rupture, exposing the sub endothelial layer, which contains lipids, collagen, and elastin, and the possibility of thrombus formation, which tends to be the final acute event in the majority of cases of obstructive AD. 10,16 Risk factors for cerebrovascular disease include smoking, diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension. There is currently increasing attention to research on the effects of oral health and atherosclerosis associated with cerebrovascular disease.…”

Knowledge of senior students concluding the courses of Dentistry and Medicine toward the interrelationship of periodontal diseases and systemic health

“…Thus, several diseases may be related to chronic periodontitis. Among Research, Society andDevelopment, v. 9, n. 12, e19691210967, 2020 (CC BY 4.0) | ISSN 2525-3409 | DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i12.10967 those that have greater evidence are cardiovascular diseases and diabetes (Kaldahl et al, 1996) Regarding the relationship with cardiovascular disease, studies suggest that even a moderate increase in C-reactive protein levels, such as found in patients with periodontitis, may predict an increased risk for cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis (Chan et al, 2017;Kaldahl et al, 1996;Toregeani et al, 2014). The studies are not satisfactory to affirm the existence of a cause and effect relationship between periodontal and cardiovascular diseases, however, cardiovascular disease accounts for 31% of deaths in 2011, and it is important to consider its possible relationships with PD (BRASIL.…”