Performance of zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction LC for the determination of iodinated X‐ray contrast agents

Abstract

This study compares the separation performance of a group of iodinated X-ray contrast media on four different columns. The first three were two stationary phases (SPs) modified with C18 and a polar-embedded SP (polar amide group bonded to an alkyl chain), all of which worked under RP-LC mode. The fourth was a zwitterionic sulphoalkylbetaine SP, working under the hydrophilic interaction LC (HILIC) mode. After the optimisation of the different parameters, the zwitterionic column displayed the best separation, which also overcomes the problems encountered when these analytes were separated under RP-LC. Moreover, when HILIC is coupled to MS/MS, sensitivity is enhanced. However, when sewage samples were analysed by SPE followed by the optimal HILIC-MS/MS, the sensitivity of the method was affected due to the high matrix effect, which had to be solved by dilution of the extract. Finally, the method was preliminarily validated with sewage and the figures of merit were comparable to those of the SPE-RP-LC-MS/MS.

Simple and fast analysis of iohexol in human serums using micro‐hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with monolithic column

“…Three types of monoliths, SMA‐EDMA, PEDAS‐EDMA, and MAA‐EDMA were synthesized and preliminarily investigated. Although successful separation of iohexol on reversed‐phase particle based columns has been reported , no retention of iohexol on the reversed‐phased SMA‐EDMA monolith containing C 18 functional groups was obtained. Similar result was observed from a mixed mode monolith containing both polar –OH and nonpolar –C 17 functional groups; PEDAS‐EDMA monolith.…”

“…Reliable and accurate method is needed to control dose amount of iohexol and to determine iohexol clearance for evaluating renal function and diagnosing chronic kidney diseases (CKD) or evaluating risks of developing CKD. For analysis of iohexol in serums, several analytical methods have been developed including HPLC-UV [2,[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14], LC-MS/MS [3,4,[15][16][17][18][19], LC-ICP-MS [20], CE [1,[21][22][23], inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) [24] and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) [25,26]. LC was the most commonly used method for analysis of iohexol [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]; two chromatographic peaks of iohexol stereoisomers could be observed from common RP C 18 columns [2,…”

Study of the retention behavior of iodinated X-ray contrast agents in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography, comparing bare silica and zwitterionic stationary phases

“…The most commonly used organic solvent is ACN as it gives better results in a great number of applications [10,21] and it was used in this study. Ionic additives, such as CH 3 COONH 4 and HCOONH 4 , are commonly employed together with CH 3 COOH and HCOOH to control mobile phase pH and ionic strength considering the suitability of these salts for MS detection. Section 3 describes the analyte retention behavior that was observed when pH, salt type, and concentration were varied.…”

Solid-phase extraction coupled with ultra high performance liquid chromatography and electrospray tandem mass spectrometry for the highly sensitive determination of five iodinated X-ray contrast media in environmental water samples

“…In a recent study, Echeverria et al. reported that polymeric sorbent Oasis HLB provided an effective extraction for five ICM in waste water. However, the SPE step can be optimized further for a comprehensive application in various environmental water samples.…”

“…Putschew et al [18] used two SPE cartridges in series (LiChrolut EN and Envi-Carb) to extract ICM and obtained acceptable recoveries, but except for the complicated waste water samples. In a recent study, Echeverria et al [5,23] reported that polymeric sorbent Oasis HLB provided an effective extraction for five ICM in waste water. However, the SPE step can be optimized further for a comprehensive application in various environmental water samples.…”