Study of the retention behavior of iodinated X-ray contrast agents in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography, comparing bare silica and zwitterionic stationary phases

Abstract

Iodinated X-ray contrast media are the most widely used pharmaceuticals for intravascular administration in X-ray diagnostic procedures. The increasing concern of the fate of these compounds into the environment has led to the development of analytical methods to determine them. However, these methods present problems due to the polar character of these analytes. In this paper, hydrophilic interaction LC is presented as an alternative technique. The retention of iodinated X-ray contrast media was studied in two bare silica phases with different particle designs (i.e. porous and Fused Core™) and a zwitterionic sulfoalkylbetaine phase. The effect of the most important parameters of the mobile phase was studied for each stationary phase. It was observed that optimal mobile phase conditions included buffers with a high buffering capacity. Additionally, the retention mechanisms involved were studied in order to provide some insight into the possible occurring interactions. The contributions of partition and adsorption and the effect of the temperature on the retention of analytes were evaluated on all of the stationary phases.

Simple and fast analysis of iohexol in human serums using micro‐hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with monolithic column

“…Three types of monoliths, SMA‐EDMA, PEDAS‐EDMA, and MAA‐EDMA were synthesized and preliminarily investigated. Although successful separation of iohexol on reversed‐phase particle based columns has been reported , no retention of iohexol on the reversed‐phased SMA‐EDMA monolith containing C 18 functional groups was obtained. Similar result was observed from a mixed mode monolith containing both polar –OH and nonpolar –C 17 functional groups; PEDAS‐EDMA monolith.…”

“…Reliable and accurate method is needed to control dose amount of iohexol and to determine iohexol clearance for evaluating renal function and diagnosing chronic kidney diseases (CKD) or evaluating risks of developing CKD. For analysis of iohexol in serums, several analytical methods have been developed including HPLC-UV [2,[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14], LC-MS/MS [3,4,[15][16][17][18][19], LC-ICP-MS [20], CE [1,[21][22][23], inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) [24] and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) [25,26]. LC was the most commonly used method for analysis of iohexol [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]; two chromatographic peaks of iohexol stereoisomers could be observed from common RP C 18 columns [2,…”