Performance of the Watermark. Granular Matri X Sensor in Sandy Soils

Irmak, Suat; Haman, Dorota Z.

doi:10.13031/2013.6848

Cited by 46 publications

(32 citation statements)

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“…This is an important limitation for the use of Watermark in the predominantly coarse-textured soils. These results obtained agree with (Hanson et al, 2000;Irmak and Haman, 2001;Leib et al, 2001;Intrigliolo and Castel, 2004). Generally, soil sensors overly different from each other, mainly when the soil type is sand.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Despite Watermark and tensiometer following the major pattern of soil water content and being low cost to purchase they did perform satisfactorily in this region. Increasing the number of duplications and careful and frequent calibration could possibly make these methods more acceptable (Leib et al, 2003;Irmak and Haman, 2001) if continuous measurements must be made. Finally, it is important to remember that in the soil moisture sensor-experiment, due to favorable weather conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the development of the watermark sensors, many researchers have used it in irrigation scheduling. However, in coarser textured soils the contact soil/sensor may reduce and lead to incorrect estimation of soil water tension (Irmak and Haman, 2001;Taber et al, 2002;Thompson et al, 2007). These soil-moisture retention variations reflect textural differences and point to the inherent role of suction in the unsaturated earth materials (Raj, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Soil Moisture Sensors under Intelligent Irrigation Systems for Economical Crops in Arid Regions

Marazky¹

2011

American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences

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Problem statement:In irrigation water management, irrigation water use represents a substantial opportunity for agriculture water savings. Automation of irrigation systems, based on Soil Moisture Sensors Systems (SMSS) has the potential to provide maximum water use efficiency by maintaining soil moisture at optimum levels. Approach: The objective of this research was to evaluate the performance of soil moisture sensors under field conditions during growing season in two different irrigated. This evaluation to be conducted with regard to accuracy; precision; quickness of the response to moisture variation. Moreover to quantify the easiness of use, this encompasses installing and operating the instrument as well as interpreting the readings. Results: The Watermark resulted in higher tension readings than the tensiometers. While Watermark showed a consistent and increasingly drier estimate of water content compared to tensiometers. However, the trend of soil water tension curves that resulted from both treatments was very similar. The linear relationships of the Soil Moisture Content (SMC) obtained from all sensors and gravimetric measurement were observed to be best fit. The correlations (R 2 ) are ranging from 0.96-0.98 and from 0.91-0.95 for tensiometers and watermarks successively. The statistical analyses indicate that changeability existed between soil water contents by the sensors and the gravimetric method. Conclusion: Soil Moisture Sensors Systems (SMSS) can be used: To monitor soil moisture sensors under wheat crop cultivation practices using intelligent irrigation system. The tensiometers and Watermarks were less responsive to the soil drying between irrigations than GM. So, Watermark can operate in a drier range than tensiometers, but with a lower resolution at the wet end of soil water tension. Anyhow, watermark remains a good tool for automatic irrigation scheduling and be integrated with inelegant irrigation systems even the noted drawbacks.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Soil Moisture Sensors under Intelligent Irrigation Systems for Economical Crops in Arid Regions

Marazky¹

2011

American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences

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“…O monitoramento dos dados foi feito entre novembro/02 e abril/03, totalizando 50 eventos. Para monitoramento da umidade do solo foram instalados blocos de resistência elétrica, que fornecem leituras de tensão da água no solo (Irmak & Haman, 2001), em 12 pontos na microbacia, nas profundidades de 20, 50 e 80 cm, sendo 8 na área ocupada por pastagem e 4 na área plantada com eucalipto. Amostras em cada ponto e profundidade foram coletadas para determinação das respectivas curvas características; os dados de tensão também o foram a cada 2 dias, convertidos em umidade volumétrica e transformados em umidade relativa do perfil do solo, segundo Brandes & Wilcox (2000): em que: θ r é a umidade residual (PMP), θ s , a umidade de saturação e , θ v a umidade volumétrica média no perfil do solo.…”

Section: Características Morfométricas E Monitoramento Hidroló-gico Dunclassified

Simulação do deflúvio e vazão de pico em microbacia hidrográfica com escoamento efêmero

Mello¹,

Lima²,

Silva³

2007

Rev. bras. eng. agríc. ambient.

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RESUMOA predição da resposta hidrológica em microbacias hidrográficas a partir de diferentes usos do solo é de fundamental importância para nortear ações de manejo ambiental, razão por que se objetivou, neste trabalho, desenvolver, em primeira mão, uma modelagem hidrológica para predizer o deflúvio total e a vazão de pico em uma microbacia hidrográ-fica experimental, de escoamento efêmero, ocupada por eucalipto e pastagem, e após esta etapa, aplicá-la a diferentes cenários de ocupação da microbacia por ambas as coberturas vegetais, estimando-se as respostas hidrológicas das situações simuladas. O monitoramento hidrológico foi realizado entre novembro/02 e abril/03, por meio de estação meteorológica e calha Parshall, conjugada a linígrafo automático. A umidade do solo foi monitorada a cada 2 dias, em 3 profundidades (20, 50 e 80 cm), em 8 pontos na área ocupada por pastagem e 4 na área com eucalipto. A modelagem mostrou-se precisa e eficaz aos objetivos propostos de predição em diferentes cenários de uso e ocupação do solo. Verificou-se que, se a microbacia for ocupada por 80% de eucalipto, haverá redução do deflúvio em 29%, constatando-se ainda, redução substancial da vazão de pico; verificou-se também que a umidade do solo é fundamental no processo, especialmente para pequenas vazões, no início e no final do período chuvoso e após veranicos e que, para vazões mais elevadas, as características da precipitação são determinantes.Palavras-chave: hidrologia, uso do solo, umidade do solo Surface runoff and peak discharge simulation in ephemeral watershed ABSTRACTThe prediction of hydrological responses in a microbasin from different soil uses is of fundamental importance to develop actions to minimize environmental impacts. This work aimed to develop and to apply hydrological modeling for predicting surface runoff and peak discharge in experimental tropical ephemeral watershed occupied by eucalyptus and grasses, creating different soil use scenarios. Hydrological monitoring was performed between November/2002 and April/2003, using, respectively, gauge and climatologically stations. Soil moisture was monitored every 2 days, at 3 depths (20, 50 and 80 cm), at 8 distributed spatial points in the grass area and 4 points in the eucalyptus area. The modeling has presented a high precision, thereby showing to be very effective for application for the proposed goals. In scenarios which eucalyptus area is larger than the grass area there will be surface runoff reduction of up to 29%, when the microbasin would be occupied by 80% of this vegetable cover. Also, a substantial reduction in peak discharge was verified. The modeling showed itself to be precise and effective in relation to the proposed prediction objectives in different scenarios of soil use and ocupation. It was verified that, if the microbasin was occupied by 80% eucalyptus, there would be a reduction in surface runoff of 29%, and furthermore, a substantial reduction in peak discharge. Also verified was that soil water is fundamental in the process, especially for ...

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“…Irmak & Haman (2001) evaluated five Watermark ® granular matrix sensors, which are also SWT-based sensors, in two soils and obtained a CV of sensor resistance of 5.1 and 7.7%.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An irrigation controller mechanically actuated by soil-water tension: I - Design, development and laboratory evaluations

Almeida

Botrel

Raine

et al. 2017

Rev. bras. eng. agríc. ambient.

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A B S T R A C TThe objective of this study was to develop and evaluate an irrigation controller that was mechanically actuated by soil-water tension within laboratory conditions. The controller was designed and constructed using readily available hydraulic fittings and other componentry. The main components of the controller were a tensiometer; a rubber diaphragm that moves according to the variation in tension inside of the tensiometer; an activation rod that transfers the movement from diaphragm to the switch valve; and a steel spring that regulates the activation of soil water tension. Six irrigation controller samples were tested in the laboratory to evaluate the mechanical performance and component forces required to activate the controllers. The relationship between spring adjustment and soil water tension required to open the irrigation valve was linear with a gradient ranging from 1.10 to 1.41 kPa mm -1 and a coefficient of variation of 9.2%. However, differences observed in the activation of the soil water tension could also be reduced by individual controller calibration. The calibration of the soil water tension required to initiate irrigation was easily set by adjusting the spring. The proposed controller is functional, simple to use, can be easily adjusted, and does not require electricity to operate.Controlador de irrigação mecânico acionado pela tensão da água no solo: I -Dimensionamento e avaliações em laboratório R E S U M O O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver e avaliar um controlador de irrigação acionado mecanicamente pela tensão de água no solo. O controlador foi desenvolvido e construído utilizando-se conexões hidráulicas e outros componentes. Os principais componentes do controlador foram: tensiômetro, um diafragma de borracha que se move de acordo com a variação de tensão dentro do tensiômetro, uma haste que transfere o movimento do diafragma para uma válvula de controle de fluxo e uma mola de aço que regula a tensão de acionamento da irrigação. O desempenho e as forças requeridas pelos componentes para acionar o controlador de seis amostras foram avaliados em laboratório. A relação entre a mola de ajuste e a tensão de água no solo requerida para acionar a irrigação foi linear com gradiente variando de 1,10 para 1,41 kPa mm -1 e coeficiente de variação de 9,2% porém essas diferenças podem ser reduzidas pela calibração individual dos controladores. A calibração da tensão requerida para acionar a irrigação foi facilmente realizada pela compressão da mola de ajuste. O controlador proposto é funcional, simples de ser utilizado e pode ser facilmente ajustado e não requer energia elétrica para operar.

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Performance of the Watermark. Granular Matri X Sensor in Sandy Soils

Cited by 46 publications

References 0 publications

Evaluation of Soil Moisture Sensors under Intelligent Irrigation Systems for Economical Crops in Arid Regions

Evaluation of Soil Moisture Sensors under Intelligent Irrigation Systems for Economical Crops in Arid Regions

Simulação do deflúvio e vazão de pico em microbacia hidrográfica com escoamento efêmero

An irrigation controller mechanically actuated by soil-water tension: I - Design, development and laboratory evaluations

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