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the past decades, lightweight, hand-held, portable, and battery operated infrared thermometers (IRT) became Corn (Zea mays L.) grown under a Mediterranean semiarid climate available. Infrared thermometers can rapidly measure requires supplemental irrigation to maximize the grain yield. Since the cost of irrigation application has been increasing, elimination of canopy temperatures over large areas. The theory of unnecessary irrigation applications would improve economics of corn IRT operation (Fuchs and Tanner, 1966; Fuchs et al., production. There has been much interest in the crop water stress 1967; Hatfield, 1990; Gardner and Shock, 1989); and index (CWSI) as a potential tool for irrigation scheduling and yield (Gardner et al., 1992a) and temperature effects in infraestimation. An experiment was conducted to monitor and quantify red thermometry (Jackson and Idso, 1969) have been water stress, and to develop parameters for irrigation scheduling and discussed. In the 1980s, the use of IRT become more grain yield of summer-grown corn as a function of CWSI under Mediroutine in irrigation scheduling when Idso et al. (1981a) terranean semiarid cropping conditions. Three irrigation treatments developed and demonstrated an empirical method for were based on replenishing the 0.9-m deep root zone to field capacity using the crop water stress index (CWSI). when the soil water level dropped to 25, 50, and 75% of available Idso et al. (1981a) observed a linear relationship bewater holding capacity (AWHC). A dryland treatment was also included. The lower (nonstressed) and upper (stressed) baselines were

Climate variability and trends affect global crop yields and are characterized as highly dependent on location, crop type, and irrigation. U.S. Great Plains, due to its significance in national food production, evident climate variability, and extensive irrigation is an ideal region of investigation for climate impacts on food production. This paper evaluates climate impacts on maize, sorghum, and soybean yields and effect of irrigation for individual counties in this region by employing extensive crop yield and climate datasets from 1968–2013. Variability in crop yields was a quarter of the regional average yields, with a quarter of this variability explained by climate variability, and temperature and precipitation explained these in singularity or combination at different locations. Observed temperature trend was beneficial for maize yields, but detrimental for sorghum and soybean yields, whereas observed precipitation trend was beneficial for all three crops. Irrigated yields demonstrated increased robustness and an effective mitigation strategy against climate impacts than their non-irrigated counterparts by a considerable fraction. The information, data, and maps provided can serve as an assessment guide for planners, managers, and policy- and decision makers to prioritize agricultural resilience efforts and resource allocation or re-allocation in the regions that exhibit risk from climate variability.

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The projected increases in World population and need for food have recently motivated adoption of information technology solutions in crop fields within precision agriculture approaches. Internet Of Underground Things (IOUT), which consists of sensors and communication devices, partly or completely buried underground for real-time soil sensing and monitoring, emerge from this need. This new paradigm facilitates seamless integration of underground sensors, machinery, and irrigation systems with the complex social network of growers, agronomists, crop consultants, and advisors. In this paper, state-of-the-art communication architectures are reviewed, and underlying sensing technology and communication mechanisms for IOUT are presented. Moreover, recent advances in the theory and applications of wireless underground communication are also reported. Finally, major challenges in IOUT design and implementation are identified.

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