Performance of cultured marine sponges-symbiotic bacteria as a heavy metal bio-adsorption

Abstract

Abstract. Marzuki I, Ahmad R, Kamaruddin M, Asaf R, Armus R, Siswanty I. 2021. Performance of cultured marine sponges-symbiotic bacteria as a heavy metal bio-adsorption. Biodiversitas 22: 5536-5543. One source of heavy metal waste could be coming from industrial disposal. Contamination and accumulation of hazardous heavy metal waste are most likely to occur in water areas, It has become a global issue that urgently requires appropriate technology to address. Two marine sponge-symbiotic bacteria from the Spermonde islands, Indonesia, i.e., Bacillus cohnii strain DSM 6307 (BS) and Pseudomonas stutzeri RCH2 (PS), were used in this study. The purpose of this study is to investigate the mechanism of heavy metal bio-adsorption of two sponge symbiotic bacteria by contact technique and are assessed their activity, capacity, and efficiency of bio-adsorption against different heavy metals (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Ag, and Cd),. The bio-adsorption capacity was evaluated by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) after a predetermined contact time (4, 8, 12, and 16 days). The results demonstrated that two sponge symbiotic bacteria had bio-adsorption activities against eight different heavy metals. BS bacteria exhibited higher bio-adsorption capacity (Cr ? Zn ? Cu ? Fe ? Co ?Mn and Ag ? Cd) than that of PS bacteria (Zn ? Co ? Fe ? Mn ? Cu ? Cr and Cd ? Ag). The difference in the atomic number of heavy metals causes the characteristics of these metals to vary which affects the capacity and efficiency of bio-adsorption of sponge symbiotic bacteria to heavy metals.

Investigation of Global Trends of Pollutants in Marine Ecosystems around Barrang Caddi Island, Spermonde Archipelago Cluster: An Ecological Approach

“…These results indicate that the concentrations are within the tolerable concentration limits for marine biota and are not dangerous according to Indonesian KLH standards, but they are in the worrying category based on ANZECC standards [12,62]. Pb +2 and Cu +2 pollutants in marine ecosystems around BCI are also thought to be due to natural and anthropogenic activities [20,121,122].…”

“…We recommend that the Makassar City MTA manager should use this data as material for consideration in MTA operations, so that the managed marine tourism does not cause increases in pollutants from the GTP category [3,47]. It is expected that the tourist area could be improved by increasing the population of marine biota, especially sponges, through the transplant method, as sponges are known as biota with functions, such as biodegradation, bio-absorption, and the bioremediation of several types of pollutants including PAHs, microplastics, and heavy metals [20,121]. Sponges can be used as bioindicators and for the biomonitoring of PAH and HM contamination [44,73,122].…”

“…Human waste materials that enter marine waters are classified as marine debris and generally contain hazardous and toxic components, such as heavy metals (HM), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon components (PAH), microplastics (MP), pesticide residues (PR), medical waste (MW), and radioactive waste. They can be categorized as global trending pollutants (GTP) [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. The term global trending pollutants was introduced to the world community to describe at least five types of pollutants (MP, PAH, PR, MW, and HM), which are pollutant materials that have become global environmental issues to date, especially for marine ecosystems [14,18,[21][22][23][24].…”

Potential Utilization of Bacterial Consortium of Symbionts Marine Sponges in Removing Pollutants Global Trends: A Review

“…The substrate degradation process, both biostimulation and bioaugmentation methods [127,128], using bacteria, continues until transition products are obtained in the form of acidic compounds (carboxylic) [8][9][10][11]33,56]. At this stage, the performance of bacteria often drops significantly due to their inability to tolerate an acidic medium [28,77]. As a result of this process, bacterial cells cannot continue the process of cell division, so there is no more prolonged regeneration of bacterial cells that grow to continue the degradation process [56,124].…”

“…Phenotypic analysis of sponge symbiont bacteria through biochemical tests using standard reagents needs to be carried out to ensure that these symbiotic bacteria can perform the functions of PAH degradation and heavy metal adsorption [6,76]. Bacterial symbionts are potential if they react positively with several biochemical reagents, especially Methyl Red, Voges-Proskauer, citrates, lactose, catalase, nitrate reduction and indole reagents [77,78]. Genotypic analysis of bacterial symbionts is important to obtain complete information related to bacterial species, strain and number of DNA base pairs, and it is also possible to carry out genotypic analysis of these symbiotic bacteria using 16S rRNA sequences [36,[79][80][81].…”