“…Clearly, P (s * , l * , u * ) = i P (s i , s i , l i , u i , u i ) where (s i , s i , l i , u i , u i ) denotes the i th sub-state of (s * , l * , u * ). Then, CTI+1(x * |s * , l * , u * ) = i Ω(x * |si, s i , li, ui, u i )P (si, s i , li, ui, u i )/P (s * , l * , u * ) 4 After aggregating all N queues, the stationary distribution of the total number of packets in the buffer can be found, with which the average number of packets stored in the buffer can be found. The average packet delay can then be obtained by the Little's formula.…”