Performance Analysis of a Two-Hop Relaying LoRa System

Xu, Wenyang; Cai, Guofa; Fang, Yi; Chen, Guanrong

doi:10.1109/iccc52777.2021.9580324

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…In [ 7 , 15 ], the authors presented a relay node selection approach as a part of a system encompassing the optimization of resource allocation for the spreading factor, aiming to ensure maximum performance in terms of throughput, network coverage probability, and BER. The error rate performance is a relevant aspect for LoRa; thus, the authors of [ 16 ] presented new results for the BER performance of LoRa systems operating over various types of fading channels.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The error rate performance is a relevant aspect for LoRa; thus, the authors of [ 16 ] presented new results for the BER performance of LoRa systems operating over various types of fading channels. Th simulation and numerical results in [ 7 , 15 ] demonstrated that such a system can improve BER and coverage probability for a given geographic area, but reduces throughput compared to the traditional LoRa system. Furthermore, the presented relay node selection technique did not consider analysis of the energy budget, which is crucial for battery-powered devices.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Nature-Inspired Approach to Energy-Efficient Relay Selection in Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWAN)

Strzoda,

Grochla

2024

Sensors

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Despite the ability of Low-Power Wide-Area Networks to offer extended range, they encounter challenges with coverage blind spots in the network. This article proposes an innovative energy-efficient and nature-inspired relay selection algorithm for LoRa-based LPWAN networks, serving as a solution for challenges related to poor signal range in areas with limited coverage. A swarm behavior-inspired approach is utilized to select the relays’ localization in the network, providing network energy efficiency and radio signal extension. These relays help to bridge communication gaps, significantly reducing the impact of coverage blind spots by forwarding signals from devices with poor direct connectivity with the gateway. The proposed algorithm considers critical factors for the LoRa standard, such as the Spreading Factor and device energy budget analysis. Simulation experiments validate the proposed scheme’s effectiveness in terms of energy efficiency under diverse multi-gateway (up to six gateways) network topology scenarios involving thousands of devices (1000–1500). Specifically, it is verified that the proposed approach outperforms a reference method in preventing battery depletion of the relays, which is vital for battery-powered IoT devices. Furthermore, the proposed heuristic method achieves over twice the speed of the exact method for some large-scale problems, with a negligible accuracy loss of less than 2%.

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Nature-Inspired Approach to Energy-Efficient Relay Selection in Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWAN)

Strzoda,

Grochla

2024

Sensors

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“…The feasibility of LoRa as a linear network has been proposed for pipeline monitoring [22]. The simulation outcomes indicated that LoRa could be regarded as a viable relaying technology for enhancing the reliability and network coverage of IoT applications [23]. The adoption of LoRa technology as a linear network and employing different time slots has great potential and establishes a high degree of reliability [24].…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design Considerations and Performance Evaluation of Gossip Routing in LoRa-Based Linear Networks

Liaqat,

Branch,

But

2023

Future Internet

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Linear networks (sometimes called chain-type networks) occur frequently in Internet of Things (IoT) applications, where sensors or actuators are deployed along pipelines, roads, railways, mines, and international borders. LoRa, short for Long Range, is an increasingly important technology for the IoT with great potential for linear networking. Despite its potential, limited research has explored LoRa’s implementation in such networks. In this paper, we addressed two important issues related to LoRa linear networks. The first is contention, when multiple nodes attempt to access a shared channel. Although originally designed to deal with interference, LoRa’s technique of synchronisation with a transmission node permits a novel approach to contention, which we explored. The second issue revolves around routing, where linear networks permit simpler strategies, in contrast to the common routing complexities of mesh networks. We present gossip routing as a very lightweight approach to routing. All our evaluations were carried out using real equipment by developing real networks. We constructed networks of up to three hops in length and up to three nodes in width. We carried out experiments looking at contention and routing. We demonstrate using the novel approach that we could achieve up to 98% throughput. We compared its performance considering collocated scenarios that achieved 84% and 89% throughputby using relay widths of two and three at each hop, respectively. Lastly, we demonstrate the effectiveness of gossip routing by using various transmission probabilities. We noticed high performance up to 98% throughputat Tprob = 0.90 and Tprob = 0.80 by employing two and three active relay nodes, respectively. The experimental result showed that, at Tprob = 0.40, it achieved an average performance of 62.8% and 73.77% by using two and three active relay nodes, respectively. We concluded that LoRa is an excellent technology for Internet of Things applications where sensors and actuators are deployed in an approximately linear fashion.

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“…The inner integral, i.e., with respect to y, can be evaluated in closed form by employing [29] (Equation (3.15.17/1)), yielding (25), thus completing the proof.…”

Section: Symbol Error Probability For Rice Fading Channelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Again, (25) converges rapidly due to its exponentially decaying kernel and can be evaluated numerically in an efficient manner. In what follows, an accurate approximation for P s will be derived.…”

Section: Symbol Error Probability For Rice Fading Channelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Results for the Error Rate Performance of LoRa Systems over Fading Channels

Peppas

Chronopoulos

Loukatos

et al. 2022

Sensors

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Long Range (LoRa) systems have recently attracted significant attention within the research community as well as for commercial use due to their ability to transmit data over long distances at a relatively low energy cost. In this study, new results for the bit error rate performance of Long Range (LoRa) systems operating in the presence of Rayleigh, Rice, Nakagami-m, Hoyt, η-μ and generalized fading channels are presented. Specifically, we propose novel exact single integral expressions as well as simple, accurate expressions that yield tight results in the entire signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) region. The validity of our newly derived formulas is substantiated by comparing numerically evaluated results with equivalent ones, obtained using Monte-Carlo simulations and exact analytical expressions.

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Performance Analysis of a Two-Hop Relaying LoRa System

Cited by 6 publications

References 25 publications

A Nature-Inspired Approach to Energy-Efficient Relay Selection in Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWAN)

A Nature-Inspired Approach to Energy-Efficient Relay Selection in Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWAN)

Design Considerations and Performance Evaluation of Gossip Routing in LoRa-Based Linear Networks

New Results for the Error Rate Performance of LoRa Systems over Fading Channels

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