New Results for the Error Rate Performance of LoRa Systems over Fading Channels

Peppas, Kostas P.; Chronopoulos, Spyridon K.; Loukatos, Dimitrios; Arvanitis, Konstantinos G.

doi:10.3390/s22093350

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 41 publications

(63 reference statements)

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“…For instance, LPWAN (low-power wide area network) INGENU technologies often use power allocation to extend battery life [40]. Conversely, LoRa typically employs rate control strategies coupled with fixed transmission power levels [41,42].…”

Section: Maximisation Of Effective Energy Efficiency With Qos Guaranteesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effective Energy Efficiency under Delay–Outage Probability Constraints and F-Composite Fading

Qasmi,

Muhammad,

Alves

et al. 2024

Sensors

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The paradigm of the Next Generation cellular network (6G) and beyond is machine-type communications (MTCs), where numerous Internet of Things (IoT) devices operate autonomously without human intervention over wireless channels. IoT’s autonomous and energy-intensive characteristics highlight effective energy efficiency (EEE) as a crucial key performance indicator (KPI) of 6G. However, there is a lack of investigation on the EEE of random arrival traffic, which is the underlying platform for MTCs. In this work, we explore the distinct characteristics of F-composite fading channels, which specify the combined impact of multipath fading and shadowing. Furthermore, we evaluate the EEE over such fading under a finite blocklength regime and QoS constraints where IoT applications generate constant and sporadic traffic. We consider a point-to-point buffer-aided communication system model, where (1) an uplink transmission under a finite blocklength regime is examined; (2) we make realistic assumptions regarding the perfect channel state information (CSI) available at the receiver, and the channel is characterized by the F-composite fading model; and (3) due to its effectiveness and tractability, application data are found to have an average arrival rate calculated using Markovian sources models. To this end, we derive an exact closed-form expression for outage probability and the effective rate, which provides an accurate approximation for our analysis. Moreover, we determine the arrival and required service rates that satisfy the QoS constraints by applying effective bandwidth and capacity theories. The EEE is shown to be quasiconcave, with a trade-off between the transmit power and the rate for maximising the EEE. Measuring the impact of transmission power or rate individually is quite complex, but this complexity is further intensified when both variables are considered simultaneously. Thus, we formulate power allocation (PA) and rate allocation (RA) optimisation problems individually and jointly to maximise the EEE under a QoS constraint and solve such a problem numerically through a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Finally, we examine the EEE performance in the context of line-of-sight and shadowing parameters.

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Section: Maximisation Of Effective Energy Efficiency With Qos Guaranteesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effective Energy Efficiency under Delay–Outage Probability Constraints and F-Composite Fading

Qasmi,

Muhammad,

Alves

et al. 2024

Sensors

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show abstract

“…In [ 7 , 15 ], the authors presented a relay node selection approach as a part of a system encompassing the optimization of resource allocation for the spreading factor, aiming to ensure maximum performance in terms of throughput, network coverage probability, and BER. The error rate performance is a relevant aspect for LoRa; thus, the authors of [ 16 ] presented new results for the BER performance of LoRa systems operating over various types of fading channels. Th simulation and numerical results in [ 7 , 15 ] demonstrated that such a system can improve BER and coverage probability for a given geographic area, but reduces throughput compared to the traditional LoRa system.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Nature-Inspired Approach to Energy-Efficient Relay Selection in Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWAN)

Strzoda,

Grochla

2024

Sensors

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Despite the ability of Low-Power Wide-Area Networks to offer extended range, they encounter challenges with coverage blind spots in the network. This article proposes an innovative energy-efficient and nature-inspired relay selection algorithm for LoRa-based LPWAN networks, serving as a solution for challenges related to poor signal range in areas with limited coverage. A swarm behavior-inspired approach is utilized to select the relays’ localization in the network, providing network energy efficiency and radio signal extension. These relays help to bridge communication gaps, significantly reducing the impact of coverage blind spots by forwarding signals from devices with poor direct connectivity with the gateway. The proposed algorithm considers critical factors for the LoRa standard, such as the Spreading Factor and device energy budget analysis. Simulation experiments validate the proposed scheme’s effectiveness in terms of energy efficiency under diverse multi-gateway (up to six gateways) network topology scenarios involving thousands of devices (1000–1500). Specifically, it is verified that the proposed approach outperforms a reference method in preventing battery depletion of the relays, which is vital for battery-powered IoT devices. Furthermore, the proposed heuristic method achieves over twice the speed of the exact method for some large-scale problems, with a negligible accuracy loss of less than 2%.

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“…The studies, [ 6 , 7 ] investigate the impact of Rayleigh fading on the BER of LoRa transmissions. These studies provide insights into LoRa’s performance under challenging channel conditions without exploring specific error correction or detection techniques employed within the LoRaWAN protocol itself.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Error mitigation in LPWAN systems: A study on the efficacy of Hamming-coded RPW

Ali,

Hashim,

Ahmad

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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Rotating Polarization Wave (RPW) is a novel Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) technology for robust connectivity and extended coverage area as compared to other LPWAN technologies such as LoRa and Sigfox when no error detection and correction is employed. Since, IoT and Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication demand high reliability, RPW with error correction can significantly enhance the communication reliability for critical IoT and M2M applications. Therefore, this study investigates the performance of RPW with single bit error detection and correction using Hamming codes to avoid substantial overhead. Hamming (7,4) coded RPW shows a remarkable improvement of more than 40% in error performance compared to uncoded RPW thereby making it a suitable candidate for IoT and M2M applications. Error performance of coded RPW outperforms coded Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) modulation used in LoRa under multipath conditions by 51%, demonstrating superior adaptability and robustness under dynamic channel conditions. These findings provide valuable insights into the ongoing developments in wireless communication systems whilst reporting Q-RPW model as a new and effective method to address the needs of developing LPWAN and IoT ecosystems.

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New Results for the Error Rate Performance of LoRa Systems over Fading Channels

Cited by 7 publications

References 41 publications

Effective Energy Efficiency under Delay–Outage Probability Constraints and F-Composite Fading

Effective Energy Efficiency under Delay–Outage Probability Constraints and F-Composite Fading

A Nature-Inspired Approach to Energy-Efficient Relay Selection in Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWAN)

Error mitigation in LPWAN systems: A study on the efficacy of Hamming-coded RPW

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