“…Nevertheless, certain stimuli were found to promote channel orientation in Nafion and other ion-conducting materials and, correspondingly, increase TP conductivity. For instance, similar to TP alignment of conductive particles in an insulating matrix, , an electric field may promote conductive channel alignment in ionomers, including Nafion, − which works best when the field is applied to a solution during membrane casting. ,, Similarly, a strong magnetic field was shown to align conductive groups conjugated with magnetically active moieties in a hydrocarbon-based ionomer, , as well as Nafion and a similar perfluorinated ionomer . Nafion channels were also shown to preferentially orient next to interfaces, which enhances conductivity in ultrathin Nafion films on solid substrates. , Unfortunately, this interfacial effect barely extends over a few tens of nanometers, i.e., distances commensurate with the bundle width.…”