Advanced nanocomposite membranes for fuel cell applications: a comprehensive review

Toward optimization of a robust low‐cost sulfonated‐polyethersulfone containing layered double hydroxide for PEM fuel cells

“…[1][2][3] In addition, these types of polymers are intrinsically endowed with a lower affinity for methanol than Nafion. They may be aliphatic or aromatic because benzene groups are present in their central structure or in the side chains.…”

“…5,6 Clearly, its low hydrophilicity is necessary to be improved through an appropriate functionalization, such as sulfonation reaction, in order to produce a suitable proton exchange ionomer. Despite the strong sulfonating agent, 11 chlorosulfonic acid offers a series of advantages (1) allows for a homogeneous electrophilic substitution; (2) can be adapted to a large range of conditions; (3) can be directly adopted as sulfonating agent since no additional preparation and/or activation are required for its use. 7 For instance, due to the electron withdrawing effect of the sulfone linkages that deactivate the adjacent aromatic rings for electrophilic substitution, PES is notoriously difficult to sulfonate.…”

“…Here are some advantages of nonfluorinated polymers compared with the perfluorosulfonated acid (PFSA) ionomers: low price and impact synthesis, commercially available and easy-to-use monomers, as well as easy functionalization by grafting of appropriate polar groups on the lateral chains to improve the hydrophilicity degree. [1][2][3] In addition, these types of polymers are intrinsically endowed with a lower affinity for methanol than Nafion. 4 Such features make these polymers a viable alternative to be used also in the direct methanol fuel cells.…”

“…10 In our synthetic procedure, chlorosulfonic acid was used at room temperature to obtain Polyethersulphone sulfonated polymer (sPES). Despite the strong sulfonating agent, 11 chlorosulfonic acid offers a series of advantages (1) allows for a homogeneous electrophilic substitution; (2) can be adapted to a large range of conditions; (3) can be directly adopted as sulfonating agent since no additional preparation and/or activation are required for its use. Moreover, side reactions could be widely suppressed if the reaction is carried out under controlled condition.…”

Anchoring H3PW12O40 on aminopropylsilanized spinel‐type cobalt oxide (Co3O4‐SiPrNH2/H3PW12O40): A novel nanohybrid adsorbent for removing cationic organic dye pollutants from aqueous solutions

“…Polyoxometalates (POMs), as a class of discrete anionic metal oxides with unique physical and chemical properties, controllable shape and size and high electronegative have been used in many research fields, including chemical analysis, biochemistry, ion selective membranes, sensors, catalysis, and proton exchange membranes . Until now, many researchers have been still using heteropolyacids in their recent works.…”