Peanut skin extract ameliorates high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis by regulating lipid metabolism, inflammation reaction and gut microbiota in ApoE−/− mice

Intestinal microbiomics and liver metabolomics insights into the preventive effects of chromium (III)-enriched yeast on hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia induced by high-fat and high-fructose diet

“…It is well known that serum lipid level can directly reflect lipid metabolism status in the body. Previous study had shown that obese mice have higher serum TC, TG and LDL-C levels, but lower serum HDL-C levels, which is consistent with the serum results of our study ( Xu et al, 2022 ). Higher levels of blood glucose, serum TC and TG may promote the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis ( Guo et al, 2018 ; Fang et al, 2021 ).…”

Phenolic Fraction from Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) By-product: Innovative Extraction Techniques and New Encapsulation Trends for Its Valorization

“…Flavonoid components (monomeric and condensed) are the main fraction of phenolic compounds from peanut skin, such as catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, catechin gallate, epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin gallate, quercetin, and proanthocyanidins and a complex series of procyanidins oligomers, which have been already identified and quantified from this by-product. Then, because procyanidin (A-type procyanidin dimer, trimers, and tetramers) can achieve a remarkable value of 85.7% of the total phenolic components from peanut skin (Xu et al, 2022 ), the present study focuses on the flavonoid group (specifically, in proanthocyanidins/procyanidins oligomers), which is presented in terms structures and the biological activities associated.…”

“…Recently, several researchers have shown that peanut skins are excellent sources of phenolic compounds, particularly proanthocyanidins/procyanidins, present in high concentration (~86%) (Xu et al, 2022 ) with innumerous biological activities (Appeldoorn et al, 2009 ; Bodoira et al, 2019 ; Munekata et al, 2016 ; Oldoni et al, 2016 ). Then, Table 1 summarizes the scientific works related to the recovery of proanthocyanidins from peanut skin, associating with extraction methods, processing conditions applied, and the main results detected.…”

“…Among them, peanut meal (derived from oil production), skins, and shells are the main by-products of peanut processing, which are mostly used for animal feed (Sorita et al, 2020 ). Particularly, peanut skins are valuable by-products from peanut processing operations, with more than one million tons produced worldwide every year and presenting considerably high contents of proanthocyanidins and their isomers (Xu et al, 2022 ).…”

“…Although some phenolic characteristics, such as fast delivery and degradation, combined with low solubility and bioavailability, may restrict its direct use in pharmaceutical and food formulations (Xu et al, 2022 ), nevertheless, encapsulation processes are exciting alternatives to overcome the restrictions for its applications, and these options are also compiled in this review.…”