The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of ethanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum (GL95) on hyperlipidaemia and gut microbiota, and its regulation mechanism in Wistar rats fed on a high-fat diet (HFD). UPLC-QTOF MS indicated that GL95 was enriched with triterpenoids, especially ganoderic acids. The results of the animal experiment showed that oral administration of GL95 markedly alleviated the dyslipidemia through decreasing the levels of serum total triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and inhibiting hepatic lipid accumulation and steatosis. Furthermore, GL95 supplementation altered the composition of gut microbiota, in particular modulating the relative abundance of functionally relevant enterotypes compared with the HFD group. The Spearman's correlation analysis revealed that Alistipes, Defluviitalea, Peptococcaceae and Alloprevotella were negatively correlated with serum and hepatic lipid profiles. Meanwhile, the GL95 treatment regulated the mRNA expression levels of the genes involved in lipid and cholesterol metabolism. The findings above illustrate that Ganoderma triterpenoids have the potential to ameliorate lipid metabolic disorders, in part through modulating specific gut microbiota and regulating the genes involved in lipid and cholesterol metabolism, suggesting Ganoderma triterpenoids as a potential novel functional food for the treatment or prevention of hyperlipidaemia.
This
research assessed the anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective
properties of inosine and the associated mechanism. Inosine pretreatment
significantly reduced the secretion of several inflammatory factors
and serum alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate amino transferase
(AST) levels in a dose-dependent manner compared with the lipopolysaccharide
(LPS) group. In LPS-treated mice, inosine pretreatment significantly
reduced the ALT and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and significantly
elevated the antioxidant enzyme activity. Furthermore, inosine pretreatment
significantly altered the relative abundance of the genera, Bifidobacterium, Lachnospiraceae UCG-006, and Muribaculum. Correlation
analysis showed that Bifidobacterium and Lachnospiraceae UCG-006 were
positively related to the cecal short-chain fatty acids but negatively
related to the serum IL-6 and hepatic AST and ALT levels. Notably,
inosine pretreatment significantly modulated the hepatic TLR4, MYD88,
NF-κB, iNOS, COX2, AMPK, Nfr2, and IκB-α expression.
These results suggested that inosine pretreatment alters the intestinal
microbiota structure and improves LPS-induced acute liver damage and
inflammation through modulating the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.
G. frondosa polysaccharides have the potential to ameliorate lipid metabolic disorders in part through modulating gut microbiota and mRNA expression of genes involved in hepatic lipid and cholesterol metabolism.
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