“…Examples include containers for drug delivery and biomedical devices, [25,38,255,281,[381][382][383][384][385]; actuators, grippers and robotics ( Figure 27a); [24,164,185,186,363,364,386] robotic microhand or minimally invasive surgery; [26,257,281,[387][388][389][390] optical sensors and devices; [22,32,265,391] 3D microfluidic devices ( Figure 27b); [178,392,393] reconfigurable devices or robots; [20,33,68,254,322,[394][395][396] adhesives and interlocks [29,397] nanoinjector; [398] programmable lithography for nanostructures [399] Although great progress has been made toward shape programmable materials and relevant methods from 2D to 3D, there many opportunities still exist for new shape programming approaches, espe...…”