Patterns of mesozooplankton community composition and vertical fluxes in the global ocean

Soviadan, Yawouvi Dodji; Benedetti, Fabio; Brandão, Manoela C.; Ayata, Sakina‐Dorothée; Irisson, Jean‐Olivier; Jamet, Jean‐Louis; Kiko, Rainer; Lombard, Fabien; Gnandi, Kissao; Stemmann, Lars

doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2021.102717

Cited by 20 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 113 publications

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“…Eumalacostraca follows the predicted distribution of zooplankton with 3 peaks of biomass at 60°N (55°N for zooplankton), at the equator and at 45°S (55°S for zooplankton). The comparison of the models' output with data from the Tara Ocean expedition, obtained with a 300 mm mesh size multinet (Pesant et al, 2015;Soviadan et al, 2022) shows a good agreement for the latitudinal patterns of Copepod biomass. Net data is estimated to be higher than biomass estimated from UVP5 data in the intertropical latitude range for this group.…”

Section: Comparison Between Net Sampling and In Situ Imagingmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…On a global scale, zooplankton diversity is higher at the equator and decreases towards the poles (Rombouts et al, 2009;Ibarbalz et al, 2019). Conversely, zooplankton biomass tends to be low in the tropics and increase with latitude with large seasonal fluctuations in temperate and polar regions (Ikeda, 1985;Moriarty et al, 2012;Soviadan et al, 2022). Although a global quantitative assessment of zooplankton biomass and functional groups is needed (e.g.…”

Section: Spatial Distribution Of Zooplankton and Its Biomassmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The latitudinal biomass distribution of Copepoda and Rhizaria obtained by combining the predictions of global models for the epi-and mesopelagic is shown in Figure 10. It is compared against data (interpolated on 0-500 m) from the Tara Oceans mission (Pesant et al, 2015;Soviadan et al, 2022) acquired using 300 mm multinet samples and ZooScan (Gorsky et al, 2010). To make the comparison meaningful, we only selected organisms in the ZooScan samples with an ESD >1 mm.…”

Section: In Situ Imaging Compared To Net Based Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Global Distribution of Zooplankton Biomass Estimated by In Situ Imaging and Machine Learning

et al. 2022

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Zooplankton plays a major role in ocean food webs and biogeochemical cycles, and provides major ecosystem services as a main driver of the biological carbon pump and in sustaining fish communities. Zooplankton is also sensitive to its environment and reacts to its changes. To better understand the importance of zooplankton, and to inform prognostic models that try to represent them, spatially-resolved biomass estimates of key plankton taxa are desirable. In this study we predict, for the first time, the global biomass distribution of 19 zooplankton taxa (1-50 mm Equivalent Spherical Diameter) using observations with the Underwater Vision Profiler 5, a quantitative in situ imaging instrument. After classification of 466,872 organisms from more than 3,549 profiles (0-500 m) obtained between 2008 and 2019 throughout the globe, we estimated their individual biovolumes and converted them to biomass using taxa-specific conversion factors. We then associated these biomass estimates with climatologies of environmental variables (temperature, salinity, oxygen, etc.), to build habitat models using boosted regression trees. The results reveal maximal zooplankton biomass values around 60°N and 55°S as well as minimal values around the oceanic gyres. An increased zooplankton biomass is also predicted for the equator. Global integrated biomass (0-500 m) was estimated at 0.403 PgC. It was largely dominated by Copepoda (35.7%, mostly in polar regions), followed by Eumalacostraca (26.6%) Rhizaria (16.4%, mostly in the intertropical convergence zone). The machine learning approach used here is sensitive to the size of the training set and generates reliable predictions for abundant groups such as Copepoda (R2 ≈ 20-66%) but not for rare ones (Ctenophora, Cnidaria, R2 < 5%). Still, this study offers a first protocol to estimate global, spatially resolved zooplankton biomass and community composition from in situ imaging observations of individual organisms. The underlying dataset covers a period of 10 years while approaches that rely on net samples utilized datasets gathered since the 1960s. Increased use of digital imaging approaches should enable us to obtain zooplankton biomass distribution estimates at basin to global scales in shorter time frames in the future.

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Section: Comparison Between Net Sampling and In Situ Imagingmentioning

confidence: 70%

Section: Spatial Distribution Of Zooplankton and Its Biomassmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: In Situ Imaging Compared To Net Based Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Global Distribution of Zooplankton Biomass Estimated by In Situ Imaging and Machine Learning

et al. 2022

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“…However, as sampling devices are often towed vertically or obliquely, the reported water depth interval of each observation is not directly representative of the depth OceanSODA-ETHZ Gregor and Gruber (2021) an organism dwells at over the entire day or even through its life span. Hence, we assume that pteropods and foraminifers move within the mixed layer, where the majority of the organic matter is present (Sallée et al, 2021;Soviadan et al, 2022). For all depth-resolved environmental predictors considered, the average over the top 200m, the values at the surface and the MLD-averaged predictor values are each correlated with a Pearson correlation coefficient of r > 0.99, so this simplification is deemed reasonable.…”

Section: Environmental Predictor Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of zooplankton calcifiers on the marine carbon cycle

Knecht

Benedetti

Hofmann

et al. 2023

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Shelled pteropods and planktic foraminifers are calcifying zooplankton that contribute to the biological carbon pump, but their importance for regional and global plankton biomass and carbon fluxes is not well understood. Here, we modelled global annual patterns of pteropod and foraminifer total carbon (TC) biomass and total inorganic carbon (TIC) export fluxes over the top 200m using an ensemble of five species distribution models (SDMs). An exhaustive newly assembled dataset of zooplankton abundance observations was used to estimate the biomass of both plankton groups. With the SDM ensemble we modeled global TC biomass depending on multiple environmental parameters. We found hotspots of mean annual pteropod biomass in the high Northern latitudes and the global upwelling systems, and in the high latitudes of both hemispheres and the tropics for foraminifers. This largely agrees with previously observed distributions. For the biomass of both groups, surface temperature is the strongest environmental correlate, followed by chlorophyll-a. We found mean annual standing stocks of 52 (48-57) Tg TC and 0.9 (0.6-1.1) Tg TC for pteropods and foraminifers, respectively. This translates to mean annual TIC fluxes of 14 (9-22) Tg TIC yr-1 for pteropod shells and 11 (3-27) Tg TIC yr-1 for foraminifer tests. These results are similar to previous estimates for foraminifers standing stocks and fluxes but approximately a factor of ten lower for pteropods. The two zooplankton calcifiers contribute approximately 1.5% each to global surface carbonate fluxes, leaving 40%-60% of the global carbonate fluxes unaccounted for. We make suggestions how to close this gap.

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“…The processes on how migrant copepod communities affect export fluxes in the pelagic realm can vary according to seasonality (high migrant biomass leading to high carbon removal in postbloom conditions, Isla et al, 2015), environmental parameters and region (Cavan et al, 2017;Archibald et al, 2019b;Kiko and Hauss, 2019), community composition (Yamaguchi et al, 2002;Wassmann et al, 2003;Brun et al, 2019;Soviadan et al, 2021) and size Turner, 2015;Ohman and Romagnan, 2016). The total active respiratory carbon (RC) flux of calanoid copepods across 200 m added up to 10.5 mg C m -2 d -1 , which equals 3.8 g C m -2 y -1 .…”

Section: Wooddmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cascading effects of calanoid copepod functional groups on the biological carbon pump in the subtropical South Atlantic

et al. 2022

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Life strategies, ecophysiological performances and diel vertical migration (DVM) of zooplankton key species affect the efficiency and strength of the biological carbon pump (BCP). However, it is unclear to what extent different functional groups affect the BCP. Depth-stratified day and night samples (0-800 m) from the subtropical South Atlantic were analyzed focusing on the calanoid copepod community. Calanoid abundance, biomass distribution and species-specific impact on the passive (fecal pellets) and active (via DVM) vertical flux of carbon were determined. Species were assigned to different migrant groups where, their contributions were estimated by using the proportion of the migratory community instead of simple day-night differences in biomass. This novel approach leads to more robust flux estimates, particularly for small sample sizes. According to migration ranges and day/night residence depth, functional groups were characterized, i.e. small- and large-scale epipelagic and mesopelagic migrants. Epipelagic small-scale migrants transported respiratory (1.5 mg C m-2 d-1) and fecal pellet (1.1 mg C m-2 d-1) carbon from the upper to the lower epipelagic zone, where the latter can fuel the microbial loop, and thus deep chlorophyll maxima, or be ingested by other zooplankton. Large-scale migrants actively transported up to 10.5 mg C m-2 d-1 of respiratory carbon from the epipelagic layer into the twilight zone. The majority was transported by Pleuromamma borealis (5.7 mg C m-2 d-1) into the upper mesopelagic. In addition, up to 8.0 mg C m-2 d-1 was potentially egested as fecal material by large-scale zone shifters. Mesopelagic migrants transported respiratory (0.2 mg C m-2 d-1) and fecal pellet carbon (0.1 mg C m-2 d-1) even deeper into the ocean. Community consumption of migrants in the epipelagic layer during the night was 98 mg C m-2 d-1, while non-migrants consumed 98-208 mg C m-2 d-1 in the epipelagic zone, with a potential subsequent egestion of 29-62 mg C m-2 d-1. This carbon may fuel omnivorous-detritivorous feeding, the microbial loop and/or may sink as fecal pellets. This case study shows how calanoid functional groups mediate carbon fluxes in the subtropical South Atlantic Ocean and demonstrates how detailed community analyses can elucidate the complexity of pelagic carbon budgets.

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Patterns of mesozooplankton community composition and vertical fluxes in the global ocean

Cited by 20 publications

References 113 publications

Global Distribution of Zooplankton Biomass Estimated by In Situ Imaging and Machine Learning

Global Distribution of Zooplankton Biomass Estimated by In Situ Imaging and Machine Learning

The impact of zooplankton calcifiers on the marine carbon cycle

Cascading effects of calanoid copepod functional groups on the biological carbon pump in the subtropical South Atlantic

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