Pathways for greening the supply of rare earth elements in China

Lee, Jason C.K.; Wen, Zongguo

doi:10.1038/s41893-018-0154-5

Cited by 88 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Moreover, China, endowed with abundant RE minerals (37% of global reserves in 2018), 26 is also the only country with a complete RE supply chain from mineral mining to magnet production. 27 Nevertheless, China's wind-power deployment could still face a RE shortage posed by its production quota 28 given that the production capacity of REs in 2046-2050 must be expanded by 6-15 times their production level in 2011-2015 (Tables 1 and S2-S6) to meet its wind-power targets.…”

Section: Conflicts Between Global Wind Power and Resmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical Rare-Earth Elements Mismatch Global Wind-Power Ambitions

Peng

Wang

et al. 2020

One Earth

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Section: Conflicts Between Global Wind Power and Resmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical Rare-Earth Elements Mismatch Global Wind-Power Ambitions

Peng

Wang

et al. 2020

One Earth

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“…REEs to enter plant cells and their action mechanisms to promote plant growth remain poorly characterized. On the other hand, the widespread applications of REEs have also resulted in the massive accumulation of REEs in the global environment (including soil, water, and atmosphere) and living organisms at an unprecedented speed (8)(9)(10). Therefore, the pollution of REEs is rapidly emerging as a universal threat to ecological integrity and function, as well as human health (11), highlighting the urgent need for establishing guidelines to limit the concentration of REEs in the ecosystem.…”

Section: Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

Arabinogalactan protein–rare earth element complexes activate plant endocytosis

Wang

Cheng

Yang

et al. 2019

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Endocytosis is essential to all eukaryotes, but how cargoes are selected for internalization remains poorly characterized. Extracellular cargoes are thought to be selected by transmembrane receptors that bind intracellular adaptors proteins to initiate endocytosis. Here, we report a mechanism for clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) of extracellular lanthanum [La(III)] cargoes, which requires extracellular arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) that are anchored on the outer face of the plasma membrane. AGPs were colocalized with La(III) on the cell surface and in La(III)-induced endocytic vesicles inArabidopsisleaf cells. Superresolution imaging showed that La(III) triggered AGP movement across the plasma membrane. AGPs were then colocalized and physically associated with the μ subunit of the intracellular adaptor protein 2 (AP2) complexes. The AGP-AP2 interaction was independent of CME, whereas AGP’s internalization required CME and AP2. Moreover, we show that AGP-dependent endocytosis in the presence of La(III) also occurred in human cells. These findings indicate that extracellular AGPs act as conserved CME cargo receptors, thus challenging the current paradigm about endocytosis of extracellular cargoes.

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“…The shift towards clean efficient technologies consequently increases REEs demand [3,8], rising from 33.9 to 51.9 kiloton of REEs during the 2016-2030 period [9]. Since 2009, the world market has witnessed an exponential price rise of REEs due to the export restriction of rare earths from China [10,11], the largest REE supplier [12]. Thereby, increasing demand and the supplying risk have triggered global competition for REE resources and ticked upward request for REEs production, and consequently, an effort to ensure a stable supply stream in the long terms was initiated which involves mining and extraction from secondary sources [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leaching Characteristics of Low Concentration Rare Earth Elements in Korean (Samcheok) CFBC Bottom Ash Samples

et al. 2019

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Coal-derived power comprises over 39% of the world’s power production. Therefore, a mass volume of coal combustion byproducts are generated and shifted the extra burden onto the economy and environment. Circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) has been found to be a clean and ultimate technology for Korea’s coal-fired power plants to have effective power generation from low-grade imported coal with reduced emissions. Efforts have been made to broaden the utilization of CFBC coal ash, and to promote sustainable development of CFBC technology. Investigations provided numerous evidences for coal ash to be a potential deposit for rare earths reclamation. However, the basic characteristics and the methods of rare earth mining from the CFBC bottom ash lack detailed understanding and are poorly reported. This study highlighted an insight of the CBFC bottom ash with respect to REEs concentration. Moreover, agents were tested as a means for leaching REEs from Samcheok CFBC bottom ash. The leaching tests were performed in relation to variations in concentration, time and temperature. The results were applied to identify suitable processes to leach REEs from the ash and clarify the potential valuation of CFBC bottom ash. The leaching conditions attained by ANOVA analysis for hydrochloric concentration, temperature, and time of 2 mol L−1, 80 °C, and 12 h, were found to provide a maximum extraction of yttrium, neodymium and dysprosium of 62.1%, 55.5% and 65.2%, respectively.

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Pathways for greening the supply of rare earth elements in China

Cited by 88 publications

References 23 publications

Critical Rare-Earth Elements Mismatch Global Wind-Power Ambitions

Critical Rare-Earth Elements Mismatch Global Wind-Power Ambitions

Arabinogalactan protein–rare earth element complexes activate plant endocytosis

Leaching Characteristics of Low Concentration Rare Earth Elements in Korean (Samcheok) CFBC Bottom Ash Samples

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