Pathway for Phloem-Dependent Movement of Pepper Mottle Potyvirus in the Stem of <i>Capsicum annuum</i>

Andrianifahanana, Mahefa; Lovins, K.W.; Dute, Roland R.; Sikora, Edward; Murphy, John F.

doi:10.1094/phyto.1997.87.9.892

Cited by 42 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Whether loading and reloading in the transport phloem involves uncoating and assembly of virions remains to be established. CGMMV localization in the external phloem contrasts with observations made for Pepper mottle virus or for TMV in the stem internal phloem of Capsicum anuum L. (Andrianifahanana et al, 1997) or N. benthamiana L. (Cheng et al, 2000), respectively. Virus and/or host factors determining differences in the stem transport route are yet to be identified but may depend on the plant vascular architecture and on the virus loading routes.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 94%

Analysis of the systemic colonization of cucumber plants by Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus

Moreno

Thompson

García‐Arenal

2004

Journal of General Virology

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Systemic movement of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) in cucumber plants was shown to be from photoassimilate source to sink, thus indicating phloem transport. Nevertheless, CGMMV was not detected by immunocytochemical procedures in the intermediary cell-sieve element complex in inoculated cotyledons, where photoassimilate loading occurs. In stem internodes, CGMMV was first localized in the companion cells of the external phloem and subsequently in all tissues except the medulla, therefore suggesting leakage of the virus from, and reloading into, the transport phloem during systemic movement. In systemically infected sink leaves, CGMMV was simultaneously detected in the xylem and phloem. Interestingly, CGMMV accumulated to high levels in the differentiating tracheids of young leaves implying that the xylem could be involved in the systemic movement of CGMMV. This possibility was tested using plants in which cell death was induced in a portion of the stem by steam treatment. At 24 6C, steam treatment effectively prevented the systemic movement of CGMMV, even though viral RNA was detected in washes of the xylem above the steamed internode suggesting that xylem circulation occurred. At 29 6C, CGMMV systemically infected steam-treated cucumber plants, indicating that CGMMV can move systemically via the xylem. Xylem transport of CGMMV was, however, less efficient than phloem transport in terms of the time required for systemic infection and the percentage of plants infected. INTRODUCTIONSystemic transport through the vascular system is a crucial step in plant virus infection. Most plant viruses are thought to move systemically through the phloem in parallel with photoassimilate transport (reviewed by Haywood et al., 2002;Lucas & Wolf, 1999;Nelson & Van Bel, 1998;Oparka & Turgeon, 1999;Thompson & Schulz, 1999). Phloem transport includes the loading (entry) of the virus into the phloem at source tissues, its circulation in the transport phloem and its unloading (exit) from the phloem at the sink tissues. Photoassimilate loading occurs presumably in the minor veins of source organs (Nelson & Van Bel, 1998;Santa Cruz, 1999) and in the case of cucurbits is thought to follow a symplastic route involving the specialized intermediary cell-sieve element complex (Turgeon, 1996). Knowledge of phloem circulation of plant viruses is far from complete, yet it is known that it parallels photoassimilate flow (Leisner et al., 1992;Oparka & Turgeon, 1999). The requirement of a functional capsid protein (CP) for systemic movement is common but not universal, depending on specific virus-host interactions (e.g. Dalmay et al., 1992;McGeachy & Barker, 2000;Petty & Jackson, 1990;Ryabov et al., 2001), and for most viruses the precise form in which the virus is transported has not been determined. Phloem unloading in the sink organs also parallels photoassimilate unloading and proceeds basipetally in the developing leaf during the sink-to-source transition (Cheng et al., 2000;Leisner et al., 1992; Roberts et al., 1997; Santa Cruz e...

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 94%

Analysis of the systemic colonization of cucumber plants by Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus

Moreno

Thompson

García‐Arenal

2004

Journal of General Virology

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“…CP or particles for some viruses have been found in the xylem (French et al, 1993;Andrianifahanana et al, 1997;Opalka et al, 1998;French and Elder, 1999;Ding et al, 2001;Verchot et al, 2001;Moreno et al, 2004;Betti et al, 2012;Manabayeva et al, 2013). This conducting vessel would not be a dead end for infection, since the stem-girdling experiment (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Turnip mosaic virus Moves Systemically through Both Phloem and Xylem as Membrane-Associated Complexes

et al. 2015

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“…Despite the symplasmic isolation of the SE-CC complex in mature stems and leaves, some viruses, such as TMV (Cheng et al, 2000) and CMV (Dufour et al, 1989;Andrianifahanana et al, 1997;Guerini and Murphy, 1999), can establish systemic infection in susceptible plant species by entering and exiting this complex. The ability of a viral MP or other viral proteins to traffic between the symplasmically isolated SE-CC complex and surrounding cells has been suggested to be an important factor for viral systemic movement (Oparka and Turgeon, 1999).…”

Section: Traffic Of An Mp Into and Out Of The Symplasmically Isolatedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasmodesma-Mediated Selective Protein Traffic between “Symplasmically Isolated” Cells Probed by a Viral Movement Protein

Itaya¹,

Ma²,

Qi³

et al. 2002

Plant Cell

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Intercellular communication is essential for differentiation and development. In plants, plasmodesmata (PD) form cytoplasmic channels for direct communication. During plant development, programmed reduction in PD number and transport capacity creates the so-called symplasmic domains. Small fluorescent dyes and ions can diffuse among cells within a domain but not across domain boundaries. Such symplasmic isolation is thought to allow groups of cells to differentiate and develop into tissues with distinct structures and functions. Whether or how "symplasmically isolated" cells communicate with one another is poorly understood. One well-documented symplasmic domain is the sieve element-companion cell (SE-CC) complex in the phloem tissue. We report here that, when produced in the CC of transgenic tobacco, the 3a movement protein (3a MP) of Cucumber mosaic virus fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP) can traffic out of the SE-CC complex via PD. The extent of 3a MP:GFP traffic across the boundary between vascular and nonvascular tissues depends on organ type and developmental stage. Our findings provide experimental evidence that endogenous machinery exists for protein traffic between the symplasmically isolated SE-CC complex and neighboring cells. We suggest that PD-mediated traffic of selected macromolecules can be a mechanism for symplasmically isolated cells to communicate with one another.

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Pathway for Phloem-Dependent Movement of Pepper Mottle Potyvirus in the Stem of Capsicum annuum

Cited by 42 publications

References 35 publications

Analysis of the systemic colonization of cucumber plants by Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus

Analysis of the systemic colonization of cucumber plants by Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus

Turnip mosaic virus Moves Systemically through Both Phloem and Xylem as Membrane-Associated Complexes

Plasmodesma-Mediated Selective Protein Traffic between “Symplasmically Isolated” Cells Probed by a Viral Movement Protein

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