Pathogenic and Potential Therapeutic Roles of Exosomes Derived From Immune Cells in Liver Diseases

Abstract

Liver diseases, such as viral hepatitis, alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and hepatocellular carcinoma place a heavy burden on many patients worldwide. However, the treatment of many liver diseases is currently insufficient, and the treatment may be associated with strong side effects. Therapies for liver diseases targeting the molecular and cellular levels that minimize adverse reactions and maximize therapeutic effects are in high demand. Immune cells are intimately involved in the occurrence, development, and prognosis of liver diseases. The immune response in the liver can be suppressed, leading to tolerance in homeostasis. When infection or tissue damage occurs, immunity in the liver is activated rapidly. As small membrane vesicles derived from diverse cells, exosomes carry multiple cargoes to exert their regulatory effects on recipient cells under physiological or pathological conditions. Exosomes from different immune cells exert different effects on liver diseases. This review describes the biology of exosomes and focuses on the effects of exosomes from different immune cells on pathogenesis, diagnosis, and prognosis and their therapeutic potential in liver diseases.

Understanding exosomes: Part 2—Emerging leaders in regenerative medicine

“…An article by Nimitrungtawee et al 520 The main causes of these deaths are hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), complications from liver cirrhosis, and viral hepatitis (VH). 521 A study by Zhou et al 521 focused on immune cell exosomes and their effects on liver disease treatments examining both the pathogenic and possible therapeutic functions of these exosomes in liver illnesses. Although the authors discussed the potential use of exosomes produced from different immune cell sources to treat liver disease, further study is necessary, particularly in human subjects.…”

γδ T cells: The potential role in liver disease and implications for cancer immunotherapy

“…42 Recently, it has been claimed that immune cells perform an essential effect in regulating hepatic fibrosis. 43,44 A study reported that a decrease in the number of γδ T cells in the peripheral blood and liver is significantly associated with the severity of fibrosis. 32 In addition, hepatic fibrosis might be regulated by cytokines and chemokines.…”

“…This process is mainly driven by hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) with persistent inflammation in the liver 42 . Recently, it has been claimed that immune cells perform an essential effect in regulating hepatic fibrosis 43,44 . A study reported that a decrease in the number of γδ T cells in the peripheral blood and liver is significantly associated with the severity of fibrosis 32 .…”

Native and engineered exosomes for inflammatory disease

“…Exosomes from certain cell types inherit the surface proteins and contents of donor cells [14], which exhibit therapeutic properties, such as MSCs derived exosomes [15] and immune cellsderived exosomes [16]. Some researchers illustrated that the proinflammatory cytokines receptors in exosomes may act as a decoy for targeting inflammation therapy [17], others demonstrated that the secretion of exosomes will be increased during cellular inflammatory responses [18], which proved that exosomes can be used as therapeutic agents and the exosomal substances could also be used as markers for screening in inflammatory disease treatment [19].…”