Native and engineered exosomes for inflammatory disease

Abstract

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles which carry specific molecular information from donor cells and act as an intercellular communication vehicle, which have emerged as a novel cell-free strategy for the treatment of many diseases including inflammatory disease. Recently, rising studies have developed exosome-based strategies for novel inflammation therapy due to their biocompatibility and bioactivity. Researchers not only use native exosomes as therapeutic agents for inflammation, but also strive to make up for the natural defects of exosomes through engineering methods to improve and update the property of exosomes for enhanced therapeutic effects. The engineered exosomes can improve cargo-loading efficiency, targeting ability, stability, etc., to achieve combined and diverse treatment strategies in inflammation diseases. Herein, a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in application studies of native and engineered exosomes as well as the engineered methods is provided. Meanwhile, potential application prospects, possible challenges, and the development of clinical researches of exosome treatment strategy are concluded from plentiful examples, which may be able to provide guidance and suggestions for the future research and application of exosomes.

Extracellular vesicles and their cells of origin: Open issues in autoimmune diseases

“…Similar to the cells, the mechanisms responsible for the therapeutic effects of the EVs in the context of different inflammatory diseases are reducing the microglia/macrophage activation, oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine release, T-cell activation, tissue fibrosis, viral infectivity, immune cell infiltration, and apoptosis/necrosis ( 146 ). Moreover, EVs regulate M1/M2 macrophage polarization for the benefit of M2 cells, induce collagen regeneration, and prevent scar generation ( 181 ).…”

“…Having mentioned these differences, EVs generally have some clinically relevant superiorities to cell therapy ( 185 , 264 , 265 ). The immune rejection rate of EVs is considerably low compared to the producer cells ( 181 ), so they have an increased half-life and are more stable in circulation ( 39 ). EVs demonstrate an innate tropism to specific tissues ( 76 ) and exert cell-targeting properties ( 111 ).…”

“…EVs demonstrate an innate tropism to specific tissues ( 76 ) and exert cell-targeting properties ( 111 ). Unlike cells, there is no concern regarding the possibility of necrosis or their abnormal differentiation ( 181 ). They do not show self-replicative and tumor-formation properties ( 139 ) and are not seriously affected by the surrounding inflammatory microenvironment ( 186 ).…”

“…More translational examples of the application of EVs to facilitate personalized cancer therapeutic methods were provided by a previous publication ( 304 ). Also, the other recent review summarized most of the available examples regarding the administration of native and engineered EVs from various sources, including MSCs, immune, and tissue-specific cells for inflammation therapy in different tissues such as brain, eye, lung, heart, liver, bowel, bone, and skin ( 181 ).…”

Organic Afterglow Nanoparticles in Bioapplications

“…Studies have shown that exosomes are closely related to the development of diseases. [64,65] The main method of detecting exosomes reported now is fluorescence detection, however, the strong autofluorescence signals in the plasma and the culture medium (mostly emit from the emissive biomolecules, such as hemoglobin, flavin, and lipofuscin) can interfere the measurements, during fluorescence detection. To avoid this [51] Copyright (2020), The Author(s).…”