Path Diversity Improved Opportunistic Routing for Underwater Sensor Networks

Bai, Weigang; Wang, Haiyan; He, Ke; Zhao, Ruiqin

doi:10.3390/s18041293

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…If the next-hop forwarder does not receive the packet, it continues on re-transmission until the packet is successfully transmitted, or it discards the packet as soon as it reaches the maximum number of attempts allowed [25]. In opportunistic routing, a list of nodes is involved in advancing the packet towards the destination [26]. Once a packet is sent in the broadcast nature of the wireless medium, all the receiving nodes coordinate and prioritize the candidate set, such that a low priority node furthers the transmission if and only the higher priority candidate fails to do so.…”

Section: Opportunistic Routing In Uwsnmentioning

confidence: 99%

Normalized Advancement Based Totally Opportunistic Routing Algorithm With Void Detection and Avoiding Mechanism for Underwater Wireless Sensor Network

Rahman¹,

Hashim²,

Rasid³

et al. 2020

IEEE Access

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Underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN) is the enabling technology for a new era of underwater monitoring and actuation applications. In this network, data aggregation and forwarding are intensely constrained due to channel impairment, and therefore require due consideration. One way to address the data collection of UWSN is by enhancing the routing protocol using the Opportunistic Routing (OR) technique. This article proposes a normalized advancement based opportunistic routing protocol called NA-TORA. NA-TORA is a geographically opportunistic routing protocol in which the next-hop forwarder is selected based on Normalized Advancement (NA). NA is calculated from Expected Transmission Count (ETX) and node' s energy consumption to find an optimal forwarding node. However, the forwarded data may not be received on the designated sink node due to the existence of a void node in the data forwarding route. To overcome the issue of void nodes, we have incorporated a void node detection and avoiding mechanism on NA-TORA, called NA-TORA with VA. The proposed scheme recursively detect void nodes and avoid these nodes to participate in data routing by utilizing the angle of transmission adjustment and transmission range extension method. The novelty of this work lies within its data transmission phase, where normalized advancement is used to select a potential candidate forwarder. Apart from that, the proposed routing protocol operates in two different modes, i.e., standard operating mode (NA-TORA), and void avoidance mode (NA-TORA with VA). Comprehensive simulations were performed to compare the performance of NA-TORA and NA-TORA with VA with some well-known existing routing protocols.

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Section: Opportunistic Routing In Uwsnmentioning

confidence: 99%

Normalized Advancement Based Totally Opportunistic Routing Algorithm With Void Detection and Avoiding Mechanism for Underwater Wireless Sensor Network

Rahman¹,

Hashim²,

Rasid³

et al. 2020

IEEE Access

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“…The network is divided in logical cubes and a set of nodes is selected in each cube to forward the data packet. PICS and PRCS [18] use depth information and ToA to calculate the position of the sender and distance between the nodes. PICS uses two hops information to select the routing path, whereas PRCS uses only one hop information.…”

Section: Opportunistic Protocolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PICS uses two hops information to select the routing path, whereas PRCS uses only one hop information. In order to select the candidate nodes to forward packets, a new metric named EEPA [18] (enhanced expected packet advance) is applied, which considers the channel quality and path correlation between two neighbors.…”

Section: Opportunistic Protocolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Organized Proactive Routing Protocol for Non-Uniformly Deployed Underwater Networks

Hyder

Luque-Nieto

Poncela

et al. 2019

Sensors

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Electromagnetic (EM) waves cannot propagate more than few meters in sea water due to the high absorption rate. Acoustic waves are more suitable for underwater communication, but they travel very slowly compared to EM waves. The typical speed of acoustic waves in water is 1500 m/s, whereas speed of EM waves in air is approximately 3 × 10 8 m/s. Therefore, the terrestrial wireless sensor network (WSN) protocols assume that the propagation delay is negligible. Hence, reactive protocols are deemed acceptable for WSNs. Other important issues related to underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) are determining the position of the underwater nodes and keeping a time synchronization among the nodes. Underwater nodes can neither determine their position nor synchronize using Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) because of the short penetration of EM waves in sea water. The limited mobility of UWSN nodes and variation in the propagation speed of acoustic waves make time synchronization a challenging task for underwater acoustic networks (UASNs). For all these reasons, WSN protocols cannot be readily used in UASNs. In this work, a protocol named SPRINT is designed to achieve high data throughput and low energy operation in the nodes. There is a tradeoff between the throughput and the energy consumption in the wireless networks. Longer links mean higher energy consumption. On the other hand, the number of relay nodes or hops between the source node and the final destination node is a key factor which affects the throughput. Each hop increases the delay in the packet forwarding and, as a result, decreases the throughput. Hence, energy consumption requires the nearest nodes to be chosen as forwarding nodes, whereas the throughput requires the farthest node to be selected to minimize the number of hops. SPRINT is a cross-layer, self-organized, proactive protocol which does not require positioning equipment to determine the location of the node. The routing path from the node to the gateway is formed based on the distance. The data sending node prefers to choose the neighbor node which is closest to it. The distance is measured by the signal strength between the two nodes. the sea (Figure 1). The suspended sensor nodes in 3D networks keep moving in all directions. This movement is limited by the length of the connecting rope or chain. The continuous random movement of the nodes makes the protocols design more challenging in 3D networks.Sensors 2020, 20, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 21 directions. This movement is limited by the length of the connecting rope or chain. The continuous random movement of the nodes makes the protocols design more challenging in 3D networks.

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“…For wireless multihop networks with lossy links, the opportunitybased routing algorithms have been proposed to enhance packet delivery ratio and throughput [12][13]. To reduce packet losses, these protocols uses the wireless channel and arbitrary routings for achieving contiguous diversity at the receiver [11][12][13][14][15][16]. To enhance the lifetime of the network and to elevate the energy efficiency, the energy competent cooperative routing approaches are preferred by various manufacturers and researchers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opportunity Based Energy Efficient Routing Algorithm for Underwater Wireless Sensor Network for Submarine Detection

Shakila¹,

Paramasivan²

2022

INT J COMPUT COMMUN, Int. J. Comput. Commun. Control

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The submarine detection is the most significant research area of Under Water Acoustic (UWA) environment with extensive application in commercial and navy domains. The environmental complexity and variable nature of the UWA makes Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN) to exhibit fluidity, sparse deployment, time unpredictability, frequency selectivity, limited accessible bandwidth and energy constraints pose problems in the underwater positioning technology. Thus, an adaptable, scalable, and highly efficient UWA is required for the submarine routing systems. The depth-based routing has received lots of interest as it is capable of delivering effective operation without requiring full-dimensional position information of nodes. However, it has issues of vacant regions and detouring forwards. To delineate the aforementioned problems, this paper proposes an Opportunity-based Distance Vector Routing (ODVR) technique. The distance vectors, which have lowest hop counts in the direction of sink for underwater sensor nodes are determined by ODVR through a query method. Depending on the distance vectors, a dynamic routing is created to manage the packet forwarding. In the opportunistic forwarding, the ODVR has a minimal signaling cost and minimum energy consumption with the potential of eliminating the long detours issues. The outcomes of simulations demonstrate that the ODVR outperforms the conventional routing algorithms.

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Path Diversity Improved Opportunistic Routing for Underwater Sensor Networks

Cited by 7 publications

References 35 publications

Normalized Advancement Based Totally Opportunistic Routing Algorithm With Void Detection and Avoiding Mechanism for Underwater Wireless Sensor Network

Normalized Advancement Based Totally Opportunistic Routing Algorithm With Void Detection and Avoiding Mechanism for Underwater Wireless Sensor Network

Self-Organized Proactive Routing Protocol for Non-Uniformly Deployed Underwater Networks

Opportunity Based Energy Efficient Routing Algorithm for Underwater Wireless Sensor Network for Submarine Detection

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