Normalized Advancement Based Totally Opportunistic Routing Algorithm With Void Detection and Avoiding Mechanism for Underwater Wireless Sensor Network

Abstract

Underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN) is the enabling technology for a new era of underwater monitoring and actuation applications. In this network, data aggregation and forwarding are intensely constrained due to channel impairment, and therefore require due consideration. One way to address the data collection of UWSN is by enhancing the routing protocol using the Opportunistic Routing (OR) technique. This article proposes a normalized advancement based opportunistic routing protocol called NA-TORA. NA-TORA is a geographically opportunistic routing protocol in which the next-hop forwarder is selected based on Normalized Advancement (NA). NA is calculated from Expected Transmission Count (ETX) and node' s energy consumption to find an optimal forwarding node. However, the forwarded data may not be received on the designated sink node due to the existence of a void node in the data forwarding route. To overcome the issue of void nodes, we have incorporated a void node detection and avoiding mechanism on NA-TORA, called NA-TORA with VA. The proposed scheme recursively detect void nodes and avoid these nodes to participate in data routing by utilizing the angle of transmission adjustment and transmission range extension method. The novelty of this work lies within its data transmission phase, where normalized advancement is used to select a potential candidate forwarder. Apart from that, the proposed routing protocol operates in two different modes, i.e., standard operating mode (NA-TORA), and void avoidance mode (NA-TORA with VA). Comprehensive simulations were performed to compare the performance of NA-TORA and NA-TORA with VA with some well-known existing routing protocols.

Realizing Opportunistic Routing in Multi-Channel Environments

“…Some UASN researches focus on metrics to avoid void regions. DVOR [27] builds distance vectors by hop-count; and NA-TORA [28] uses normalized advancement (NA), which considers ETX and energy consumption, to detect and avoid void nodes. Furthermore, nodes with multi-modal (each node is equipped with a set of acoustic modems) have been proposed in recent years.…”

Underwater Networked Wireless Sensor Data Collection for Computational Intelligence Techniques: Issues, Challenges, and Approaches

“…Since it seems that there is imbalance in energy consumption at the time of the transmission, for that there must me one central or parent nodes in UWSN which restricts the network traffic to pass only the needed data [24] – [26] . Being having control of all other nodes the battery life of the central node will be depleted sooner as the central node is responsible for the transmission of data at the time of battery faults the node is unable to transmit the data results in the error in working of the application [27] – [29] . So not only the energy efficient property of the UWSN is required it is also be balanced power supplier to all other nodes of underwater network [30] – [32] .…”

A K-Means and Ant Colony Optimization-Based Routing in Underwater Sensor Networks

“…A group of interconnected sensor nodes through acoustic channel form a underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) [2]. UWSNs have been capturing attention from the scientific and industrial communities [3]. The use of underwater sensor nodes, capable with wireless communication capabilities, has the power to detect realtime underwater monitoring.…”