Particulate Matter and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Determination Using a Well-Stirred Reactor

Reich, Richard F.; Frayne, Charles W.; Zelina, Joseph; Stouffer, Scott D.; Katta, Viswanath R.; Mayfield, Howard T.

doi:10.2514/6.2003-664

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…TPO was performed using a LECO RC-412 Multiphase Carbon Analyzer on particulate samples collected on quartz filters. 13,14 During analysis, the particulate is oxidized in the presence of excess oxygen as the furnace temperature is increased from 100°C to 750°C at a rate of 20°C/min. Species that oxidize at lower temperatures (Ͻ325°C) are considered volatile organic species (e.g., PAH), whereas those that oxidize at higher temperatures are assumed to be primarily elemental carbon (EC; e.g., highly graphitic).…”

Section: Chemical Composition Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impacts of Biodiesel on Pollutant Emissions of a JP-8–Fueled Turbine Engine

Corporan

Reich

Monroig

et al. 2005

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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The impacts of biodiesel on gaseous and particulate matter (PM) emissions of a JP-8 -fueled T63 engine were investigated. Jet fuel was blended with the soybean oilderived methyl ester biofuel at various concentrations and combusted in the turbine engine. The engine was operated at three power settings, namely ground idle, cruise, and takeoff power, to study the impact of the biodiesel at significantly different pressure and temperature conditions. Particulate emissions were characterized by measuring the particle number density (PND; particulate concentration), the particle size distribution, and the total particulate mass. PM samples were collected for offline analysis to obtain information about the effect of the biodiesel on the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content. In addition, temperature-programmed oxidation was performed on the collected soot samples to obtain information about the carbonaceous content (elemental or organic). Major and minor gaseous emissions were quantified using a total hydrocarbon analyzer, an oxygen analyzer, and a Fourier Transform IR analyzer. Test results showed the potential of biodiesel to reduce soot emissions in the jet-fueled turbine engine without negatively impacting the engine performance. These reductions, however, were observed only at the higher power settings with relatively high concentrations of biodiesel. Specifically, reductions of ϳ15% in the PND were observed at cruise and takeoff conditions with 20% biodiesel in the jet fuel. At the idle condition, slight increases in PND were observed; however, evidence shows this increase to be the result of condensed uncombusted biodiesel. Most of the gaseous emissions were unaffected under all of the conditions. The biodiesel was observed to have minimal effect on the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during this study. In addition to the combustion results, discussion of the physical and chemical characteristics of the blended fuels obtained using standard American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) fuel specifications methods are presented.

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Section: Chemical Composition Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…14,15 It is possible to identify and quantify 18 separate PAHs using this technique. Because PAH formation is known to be an initial step in soot formation, this technique can provide insight into how the relative soot formation pathways and reaction rates are affected as a function of engine condition, fuel, or additive type.…”

Section: Soot Pah Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of Biodiesel on Pollutant Emissions of a JP-8–Fueled Turbine Engine

Corporan

Reich

Monroig

et al. 2005

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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“…The revised analysis includes treatment of continued particle dynamics in the exhaust stream just down stream of the stirred reactor. Predicted particle sizes still were significantly smaller than that measured and reported in Reich, et al, 2003. Preliminary analysis of sample line effects were found to be significant, particularly the rapid loss to walls for particles less than 10 nm in diameter, and agglomeration effects for sample streams with number densities higher than 10 8 #/cc.…”

Section: Modeling Soot Dynamics and Sampling Of Particlesmentioning

confidence: 60%

“…Contrasting experimental trends observed in the well-stirred reactor experiments at WPAFB (Stouffer, et al, 2002;Reich, et al, 2003) have been examined and explained by utilizing a modified version of the CHEMKIN II-based code for stirred reactors (Kee, et al, 1991;Glarborg, et al, 1986). The code has been modified to include conservation equations for soot aerosols with treatment of particle inception, particle growth, aerosol dynamics, and particle oxidation.…”

Section: Soot Modeling -Well Stirred Reactormentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced Fuel Development and Fuel Combustion. Delivery Order 0005: Mitigation of Particulates Using Fuel Additives

Colket¹,

Liscinsky²,

True³

2006

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The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information , 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YY)2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED (From -To) ABSTRACTThe overall technical objective of the program was to develop an additive for JP-8, JP-5, and diesel fuels that will reduce both the mass Emissions Index (grams of PM2.5 emissions/kilogram of fuel) and the number density Emissions Index (particle number density of PM2.5 emissions/kilogram of fuel) in the exhaust of military gas turbine engines by 70 percent. This report summarizes the results of work performed at United Technologies Research Center. Baseline studies were performed with ethanol added to ethylene, as the method and procedures could be validated against the existing experimental database. Experiments were performed in laminar premixed burnerstabilized flat flames. Soot was reduced by factors of about 50% with ethanol. Subsequent tests were performed with mixtures of heptane/toluene/ethylene to provide a better simulation of real fuel chemistry. The most significant effects were observed with a proprietary additive which apparently contains a metal. The use of metals is not perceived to be an environmentally acceptable approach. The next most effective additive is a commercial fuel additive, Kleen, which contains a variety of oxygenated (nitro) compounds. Reductions of soot emissions on the order of 30% were observed. Mixed results were obtained with pyridine, and modeling results show negligible influence of this additive. Finally, advances to a fundamental soot formation model were accomplished by comparing simulations of coflow diffusion flames to experimental data sets. This work resulted in proposed changes to the gas-phase kinetics and soot inception models and identifying the importance of treating soot ageing and radiation losses. The overall goal of identifying an additive that can reduce soot emissions by 70% was not achieved, without use of a metal-containing additive or with very high levels of the additive (>10% by weight). However, advances were made in the understanding or confirmation of (proposed) mechanism for soot formation and will lead to better quantifiable tools for prediction and control of soot emissio...

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“…Measurements of Polycyclic aromatic A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 8 hydrocarbons and particulate matter inside a PSR using premixed, fuel rich (1.9<φ <2.6) ethylene-air and ethylene-ethanol-air mixtures have been carried out by Stouffer et al (2002) and Reich et al (2003), which included soot measurements such as particle number density, particle size distribution, total carbon burn-off mass and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content. Other early experimental research studies included -study of problem of net soot generation caused by reduction in hydrogen content within gas turbines (Blazowski et al (1978)), -investigation of sources of soot and fuel NOx in gas turbine combustors and their control measures ) and an evaluation of strong back-combustion conditions and soot formation characteristics of a numerous hydrocarbons in their pure form and blended form as well (Blazowski (1979(Blazowski ( , 1980).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Hybrid Newton/Time Integration Approach Coupled to Soot Moment Methods for Modeling Soot Formation and Growth in Perfectly-Stirred Reactors

Adhikari

Sayre

Chandy

2016

Combustion Science and Technology

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A perfectly-stirred reactor (PSR) model based on the hybrid Newton/time integration methodology (Grcar et al., (1986)) is developed and coupled to two state-of-the-art soot moment techniques, namely the method of moments with interpolative closure (MOMIC) and the hybrid method of moments (HMOM), with the latter coupling being implemented for the first time, for investigating soot formation and growth. Five different PSR calculations based on initial data from previous simulations and experiments are carried out in the present study at various equivalence ratios, temperatures and residence times, in order to test this coupling. These calculations consist of combustion of mixtures of ethylene, ethylene-benzene blends, methane, and acetylene, with air. The PSR algorithm employs a procedure of switching between steadystate and pseudo-transient calculations of the nonlinear algebraic steady PSR equations in order to achieve a more conditioned estimate of the initial guess. Soot moment equations are coupled with species conservation equations to obtain soot quantities such as soot volume fraction, particle number density, particle diameter and soot surface area density. As expected, soot volume fraction, particle number density, and soot surface area density, all increased with A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 2 increase in fuel-air equivalence ratio, (φ ), and residence time, where HMOM mostly predicted lower values of these quantities than MOMIC. The particle diameter variations with φ were case-specific, but HMOM always predicted larger-sized soot particles than MOMIC. Comparisons with experimental data, where available, showed that both HMOM and MOMIC overpredicted the soot volume fraction. Nomenclature English ρ Density of gaseous mixture kg/m 3 V Volume of gaseous mixture m 3 in m  Inlet mass flow rate kg/s 3 out m  Outlet mass flow rate kg/s 3

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Particulate Matter and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Determination Using a Well-Stirred Reactor

Cited by 9 publications

References 6 publications

Impacts of Biodiesel on Pollutant Emissions of a JP-8–Fueled Turbine Engine

Impacts of Biodiesel on Pollutant Emissions of a JP-8–Fueled Turbine Engine

Advanced Fuel Development and Fuel Combustion. Delivery Order 0005: Mitigation of Particulates Using Fuel Additives

A Hybrid Newton/Time Integration Approach Coupled to Soot Moment Methods for Modeling Soot Formation and Growth in Perfectly-Stirred Reactors

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