The impacts of biodiesel on gaseous and particulate matter (PM) emissions of a JP-8 -fueled T63 engine were investigated. Jet fuel was blended with the soybean oilderived methyl ester biofuel at various concentrations and combusted in the turbine engine. The engine was operated at three power settings, namely ground idle, cruise, and takeoff power, to study the impact of the biodiesel at significantly different pressure and temperature conditions. Particulate emissions were characterized by measuring the particle number density (PND; particulate concentration), the particle size distribution, and the total particulate mass. PM samples were collected for offline analysis to obtain information about the effect of the biodiesel on the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content. In addition, temperature-programmed oxidation was performed on the collected soot samples to obtain information about the carbonaceous content (elemental or organic). Major and minor gaseous emissions were quantified using a total hydrocarbon analyzer, an oxygen analyzer, and a Fourier Transform IR analyzer. Test results showed the potential of biodiesel to reduce soot emissions in the jet-fueled turbine engine without negatively impacting the engine performance. These reductions, however, were observed only at the higher power settings with relatively high concentrations of biodiesel. Specifically, reductions of ϳ15% in the PND were observed at cruise and takeoff conditions with 20% biodiesel in the jet fuel. At the idle condition, slight increases in PND were observed; however, evidence shows this increase to be the result of condensed uncombusted biodiesel. Most of the gaseous emissions were unaffected under all of the conditions. The biodiesel was observed to have minimal effect on the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during this study. In addition to the combustion results, discussion of the physical and chemical characteristics of the blended fuels obtained using standard American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) fuel specifications methods are presented.
The effects of fuel chemical composition on particulate matter (PM) emissions of a T63 engine were investigated. Fuels with different aromatic, cycloparaffin (naphthene), iso-paraffin and normal paraffin levels were evaluated in the turboshaft engine and compared to the performance of a typical JP-8 fuel. The fuels studied include: a semi-synthetic jet fuel, two high naphthenic experimental fuels, three Exxon solvents (Isopar M, Isopar H and Norpar-13) and methylcyclohexane. The effect of blending solvents in JP-8 on PM emissions was also assessed. Commercially available particulate instruments were used to measure particle number density, particulate mass concentration and particle size distribution. Results showed a general trend of higher particulate concentrations and larger diameter soot particles with decreasing fuel hydrogen-to-carbon (H/C) ratio or increasing aromatic content. However, for several fuels with approximately the same H/C ratio, significant differences in PND and calculated mass were observed. Furthermore, blends of JP-8 with solvents of similar H/C ratio but varying chemical composition produced significantly different particulate emissions. These findings demonstrate that particulate emissions from hydrocarbon-fueled combustion processes are not solely a function of the H/C ratio or aromatic concentration of the fuel, but that other properties or constituents also impact soot emissions. Chemical and physical properties of the fuels and their potential effect on particulate emissions are discussed. These findings provide insight into fuel properties that impact PM emissions, which may aid in the development of fuel additives to reduce particulate emissions from turbine engine combustors.
The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information , 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YY)2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED (From -To) AFRL-PR-WP-TR-2005-2179 DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENTApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTESReport contains color. ABSTRACTThe impacts on particulate and gaseous emissions from gas turbine engines using the Betz Dearborn Spec Aid 8Q462 (+100) thermal stability additive were evaluated. Emissions tests with and without the additive were conducted on two TF33 engines, two T-43 pilot trainer aircraft (AF equivalent to a B737) with JT8D-9A engines, and a T63 helicopter engine. Test results showed that the effects of the additive on emissions were dependent on the engine and power setting. For instance, measurable reductions (~20-25%) in particle number density (PND) were observed with the additive for the TF33 engine at a near cruise condition; however, negligible effects were observed for the other four conditions. For gaseous emissions, reductions up to 20% in total unburned hydrocarbons (THC) were observed for all conditions for the second TF33 engine tests. Similar gaseous emissions results were observed in the T63 tests. No evidence of improved particulate or gaseous emissions as a function of operation time with the additive was observed in the T63 long duration tests. For the first TF33 demonstration, chemical characterization of the particles showed increased concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) as a function of engine power with no significant impacts with the +100 additive. Reductions of up to 40% in PND were observed for one of the JT8D-9A engines with the additive; however, mixed results were observed for the other three. SUBJECT TERMS List of Tables AbstractThe impacts on particulate and gaseous emissions from gas turbine engines using the Betz Dearborn Spec Aid 8Q462 (+100) thermal stability additive were evaluated. Emissions tests with and without the additive were conducted on two TF33 engines, two T-43 pilot trainer aircraft (AF equivalent to a B737) with JT8D-9A engines, and a T63 helicopter engine. Emissions were sampled at steady-state conditions for at least five powe...
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