Parenting goals and perceived shared and non-shared agency among kirogi mothers of a youth

Abstract

a social Behavioral sciences, soka university of america, aliso Viejo, ca, usa; b department of education and social Work, university of auckland, auckland, new Zealand ABSTRACTThis study examined the parenting goals and practices of Korean transnational mothers (referred to as 'kirogi') in order to understand how parents are preparing youth for success within a world of increasing globalization. Data are based on a cross-sectional convenience sample of Korean mothers (M age = 45.88) accompanying their youth (M age = 15.72) in the US and in NZ (N = 153). Results indicated that mothers rated youth's educational/occupational self-development and humanistic life goals to be as important as educational/occupational achievement. Self-development and humanistic life goals were also found to be the most correlated to parenting strategies that accommodate youth, which, in turn, was the most predictive of outcomes. Discussion focuses on how globalization allows for parents with resources to find opportunities outside of their home country to achieve their parenting goals and to allow their youth to self-regulate their schoolwork successfully.Negotiating the need for autonomy and the need for relatedness is a central concern for healthy individual development and well-being (Deci & Ryan, 2000). Within the parent-child relationship, balancing these needs is inevitably complicated by the growing competence and maturity of the child. Additionally, parenting occurs within social and cultural contexts that shape and define the future adult roles that children take on. As globalization grows and as the type of future jobs become more unpredictable and more competitive, how do parents and youth successfully negotiate youth autonomy and relatedness under these circumstances?The current study utilizes a unique family situation, characterized by high parental investment and sacrifice, to investigate how parents can effectively navigate their parenting goals using a model of shared and non-shared agency between parent and youth (Chang, Heckhausen, Greenberger, & Chen, 2010). This literature review will show how the kirogi family situation commits each to a family project, and that an examination of parenting goals for youth and an assessment of parents' endorsement of shared and non-shared agency with youth can help to understand parenting practices. The kirogi family as contextKirogi families are spilt-family households originating from South Korea whereby family members live in two different nations for most, if not all, of the year and for several years depending upon their goals. One parent, often the mother, accompanies the child/ren overseas to an English-language country while ARTICLE HISTORY

Parental Teleological Awareness Based on Research Conducted in Central Poland

“…One could say that their considerations relate strictly to the goals of upbringing. The reflections of the international theorists are characterised by certain diversity -it is possible to find texts, in which the term "child-rearing goals" is used consonantly (Bos et al, 2004;Tulviste et al, 2007;Döge & Keller, 2014a;2014b) as well as papers in which it is used interchangeably with the terms parental goals (Rowe & Cassilas, 2011;Meng, 2012;Chang & Lee, 2017) or assumptions/ goals of socialization (Danso et al, 1997;Achhpal et al, 2007;Li et al, 2010;Meng, 2012). The second difference concerns the object of upbringing goals.…”

“…The theoretical reflections might also be found in the international periodicals. However, their main point of interest seems to be presenting the results of research on family child-rearing, focusing on the content of its goals understood both as an individual issue (Bos et al, 2004;Achhpal et al, 2007;Tulviste et al, 2007;Marshall & Van Der Wolf, 2013;Döge & Keller, 2014b;Chang & Lee, 2017), and in relation to other elements and conditions, for instance parenting styles (Li et al, 2010), the types of value systems that are preferred by the parents (Schwarz et al, 2005), communication with children (Rowe & Casillas, 2011) or the child's temperament (Meng, 2012).…”

Pola Asuh Autoritatif dan Kebiasaan Makan Anak Prasekolah

“…Pola asuh orang tua yang berkaitan dengan makanan merupakan strategi yang dilakukan oleh orang tua berdasarkan tujuan pada waktu mengkonsumsi makanan berat maupun makanan ringan (Lopez et al, 2018), di mana tujuan pengasuhan merujuk pada hasil yang diinginkan orang tua dalam mempertimbangkan masa depan (Chang & Lee, 2017) melalui kebiasaan makan anak agar mampu menunjang pertumbuhan dan perkembangan. Pola asuh yang sesuai merupakan faktor keberhasilan dalam menentukan hasil yang baik bagi anak pada tahun-tahun awal kehidupan dan selanjutnya (Kooraneh & Amirsardari, 2015).…”

Challenges and changes in the parenting experiences of Korean immigrants in New Zealand

“…The term ‘immigrant parents’ in this study is used as the generic term that includes both kirogi parents and settled two-parent immigrants. or wild geese families. The kirogi is a split-household transnational family where one parent, often the mother, accompanies the child/ren overseas to English-speaking countries such as NZ and the US, while the other parent, often the father, typically remains in Korea to support their family’s overseas stay financially (Chang and Lee, 2017).…”