OBJECTIVE: The seven-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) is a practical self-report measure that screens for the severity of Generalized Anxiety Disorder in primary care. Previous studies have shown that the GAD-7 is theoretically sound, but the results regarding its psychometric properties have been somewhat inconsistent with both adult and student samples. Despite these findings, the psychometric properties of the GAD-7 have remained untested among Korean university students, for whom the identification of efficient measures of these constructs is especially important. To determine the psychometric properties of the GAD-7, the present study examined the internal consistency, convergent validity, and underlying factor structure of the GAD-7 with a sample of Korean university students. METHODS: The sample consisted of 582 students attending a four-year university in South Korea. All participants completed the Korean version of the GAD-7, the Depression Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21), and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). The factor structure of the GAD-7 was assessed by exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and its convergent validity was determined by investigating its correlations with the DASS-21 and PHQ-9. RESULTS: CFA procedures confirmed that a modified one-factor model was an acceptable solution. The internal consistency of the scale was excellent. The GAD-7 showed a moderate to strong correlation with the three subscales of the DASS-21 and with the PHQ-9, confirming convergent validity. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that the modified GAD-7 is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing generalized anxiety symptoms in university students. Its use for research and health care practice is warranted.

OBJECT: The 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) is one of the most widely used psychological instruments for measuring stress perception in practice and research but has sparked some controversy regarding its factor structure. Further, no study has been conducted to date using a sample of Korean university students to test the reliability and validity of the PSS and the factorial structure of this instrument. Likewise, more data on the psychometric properties of the Korean version of the scale (K-PSS-10) are also needed. Hence, the purpose of the present study was to examine the construct validity of the K-PSS-10 among Korean university students. METHODS: A total of 250 university students currently attending the Department of Early Childhood Education (a four-year university curriculum) completed the K-PSS-10. The collected data were subjected to confirmatory factor analysis, which tested three alternative plausible models suggested by the extant literature: single factor, correlated two-factor and bifactor. RESULTS: The results indicated that the bifactor model best fit the data, with one general factor reflecting the overlap across all 10 items, and 2 additional specific factors representing perceived distress (6 negatively worded items) and perceived coping (4 positively worded items). Internal consistencies of the total scale and its two subscales were adequate (α > 0.70). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study support the use of the K-PSS-10 as a reliable and valid measure to assess perceived stress in a sample of early childhood teacher candidates.

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a social Behavioral sciences, soka university of america, aliso Viejo, ca, usa; b department of education and social Work, university of auckland, auckland, new Zealand ABSTRACTThis study examined the parenting goals and practices of Korean transnational mothers (referred to as 'kirogi') in order to understand how parents are preparing youth for success within a world of increasing globalization. Data are based on a cross-sectional convenience sample of Korean mothers (M age = 45.88) accompanying their youth (M age = 15.72) in the US and in NZ (N = 153). Results indicated that mothers rated youth's educational/occupational self-development and humanistic life goals to be as important as educational/occupational achievement. Self-development and humanistic life goals were also found to be the most correlated to parenting strategies that accommodate youth, which, in turn, was the most predictive of outcomes. Discussion focuses on how globalization allows for parents with resources to find opportunities outside of their home country to achieve their parenting goals and to allow their youth to self-regulate their schoolwork successfully.Negotiating the need for autonomy and the need for relatedness is a central concern for healthy individual development and well-being (Deci & Ryan, 2000). Within the parent-child relationship, balancing these needs is inevitably complicated by the growing competence and maturity of the child. Additionally, parenting occurs within social and cultural contexts that shape and define the future adult roles that children take on. As globalization grows and as the type of future jobs become more unpredictable and more competitive, how do parents and youth successfully negotiate youth autonomy and relatedness under these circumstances?The current study utilizes a unique family situation, characterized by high parental investment and sacrifice, to investigate how parents can effectively navigate their parenting goals using a model of shared and non-shared agency between parent and youth (Chang, Heckhausen, Greenberger, & Chen, 2010). This literature review will show how the kirogi family situation commits each to a family project, and that an examination of parenting goals for youth and an assessment of parents' endorsement of shared and non-shared agency with youth can help to understand parenting practices. The kirogi family as contextKirogi families are spilt-family households originating from South Korea whereby family members live in two different nations for most, if not all, of the year and for several years depending upon their goals. One parent, often the mother, accompanies the child/ren overseas to an English-language country while ARTICLE HISTORY

Background New drugs including cancer drugs and orphan drugs are becoming increasingly more expensive. Risk sharing arrangements (RSAs) could manage the risk based on both financial impact and the health outcome of new drugs if reimbursed. To improve patients’ access to new drugs under uncertainties, many developed countries have adopted RSAs. In this study, we aimed to understand the effects of RSAs in South Korea on patients’ access. Methods We reviewed current status of RSA drugs in South Korea. The number of appraisals and time gap between market approval and reimbursement per RSA drug were considered to quantify improvement of patients’ access as they showed how rapidly decisions on reimbursement of RSA drugs were derived. Then, we applied a comparative analysis to determine whether the RSA drugs in South Korea were reimbursed in the UK, Italy, and Australia. Most data for this study were obtained from websites of the governmental department/agencies responsible for appraisal of drug reimbursement in each country. And literatures related to RSAs were investigated as well. Results The eligibility for Korean RSAs had two key components - drugs for cancer and rare diseases and not having other alternative treatments. As of the first half of 2019, there were 39 RSA drugs reimbursed in South Korea, the majority of which were financial-based schemes. Refund and expenditure cap were the representative types (89.7%). After introduction of RSAs, the time gap and number of appraisals were decreased. Based on the indications of RSA drugs, the level of drug coverage in South Korea was found lower than Italy, similar to the UK, and higher than Australia. Conclusions RSAs in South Korea significantly enhanced patients’ access to new drugs and led to the alleviation of patients’ out-of-pocket expenses. The drug coverage of South Korea had a level comparable to that of other countries. This study provides implications for countries that have a dual mission of containing pharmaceutical expenditure and improving access to new drugs.