Parental education and cancer mortality in children, adolescents, and young adults: A case‐cohort study within the 2011 Italian census cohort

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Progress in the treatment of juvenile cancers has led to remarkable improvements in survival. However, not all families have the resources to cope with the burden that such diseases require. This study was aimed at evaluating the association between parental education and cancer mortality in children, adolescents, and young adults. METHODS: This was a case-cohort study based on 1889 cancer cases and 108,387 noncases sampled from the 2011 Italian census cohort of 10,964,837 individuals younger than 20 years and followed for 6 years. Mortality rate ratios (MRRs) were estimated for individuals with parents with high and intermediate levels of education (International Standard Classification of Education [ISCED] levels 5-8 and 3-4, respectively) in comparison with individuals with less educated parents (ISCED levels < 3) through multiple Poisson regression models. RESULTS: Over the follow-up, 684, 858, and 347 cancer cases with parents with the lowest, intermediate, and highest levels of education, respectively, were registered. In comparison with the individuals with parents with the lowest level of education, the MRR from all neoplasms was 0.92 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.83-1.03) for those with parents with an intermediate level of education and 0.83 (95% CI, 0.72-0.95) for those with parents with the highest level of education. The MRRs from all neoplasms for individuals with parents with the highest level of education were 0.88 (95% CI, 0.69-1.11) among children, 0.87 (95% CI, 0.70-1.06) among adolescents, and 0.64 (95% CI, 0.50-0.83) among young adults. CONCLUSIONS: Children, adolescents, and young adults with highly educated parents have reduced mortality from cancer. This calls for further efforts to optimize treatment for children of less educated parents. Cancer 2020;126:4753-4760.

Patterns of love and sexting in teen dating relationships: The moderating role of conflicts

“…Of the total sample, 31.9% reported to live in cities, 24.5% lived in suburbs, 35% lived in small towns, and 8.6% lived in rural areas. Regarding their socio‐cultural background, 20.6% of the participants’ parents were graduates or post‐graduates; 48.6% of parents had completed high school; and 30.8% had primary or middle school education levels, indicating that the reported percentages are in line with studies on representative samples of Italian adolescents (Alicandro et al., 2020 ). Regarding sexual orientation, 364 participants (89%) defined themselves as exclusively heterosexual, while 45 (11%) reported to be not exclusively heterosexual (LGB+).…”

Childhood cancer mortality trends in the Americas and Australasia: An update to 2017

“…32 In fact, higher mortality was reported among children born in a lower socioeconomic status, both in high-and low-/middle-income countries. 31,[33][34][35][36] Most childhood cancer trends in Latin American countries were not encouraging, however there were a few exceptions. Among these, the most favorable pattern emerged in Chile, and has been largely related to an efficient pediatric-oncology care program implemented recently.…”

“…This is particularly true for leukemia, which requires up‐to‐date and long‐term treatments that families in a low socioeconomic context cannot afford 32 . In fact, higher mortality was reported among children born in a lower socioeconomic status, both in high‐ and low‐/middle‐income countries 31,33‐36 …”

“… 32 In fact, higher mortality was reported among children born in a lower socioeconomic status, both in high‐ and low‐/middle‐income countries. 31 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 …”

The impact of parental overprotection on the emotions and behaviors of pediatric hematologic cancer patients: a multicenter cross-sectional study

“…We selected the parents of children admitted to these three hospitals between August 2022 and June 2023 as the survey participants. The inclusion criteria were as follows: ( 1 ) Children diagnosed with blood tumor diseases (e.g., leukemia and lymphoma) based on pathological or cytological examinations; ( 2 ) Children aged 3–8 years at the time of registration; ( 3 ) Children with a disease course of 1 month; ( 4 ) Parents living with the children and participating in their care, being capable of normal communication, and willing to participate in this study. The exclusion criteria were as follows: ( 1 ) Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or other mental illnesses (e.g., autism and depression); ( 2 ) Children with critical or unstable conditions requiring special parental care; ( 3 ) Children and their parents participating in other psychological intervention studies.…”