“…This occurs through several mechanisms including, but not limited to IRS inhibitory phosphorylation, MAPK activation and endoplasmic reticulum stress. This body of evidence for the role of oxidative stress in insulin resistance has been demonstrated in adipocytes, muscle, liver and cardiac cells (Rudich et al, 1998;Bloch-Damti et al, 2006;JeBailey et al, 2007;Singh et al, 2008a;Shibata et al, 2010;Tan et al, 2011). Even in vivo, a pro-oxidant challenge provokes the onset of type-2 diabetes in insulin resistant rats (Laight et al, 1999b) and chronic methylglyoxal infusion by minipump causes pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction and induces type-2 diabetes in Sprague-Dawley rats (Dhar et al, 2011).…”