Historiography of the Society of Jesus in Portuguese America during the post-restoration period raises methodological problems that should be pointed out from the beginning in order to provide a clearer organization of the literature produced on the subject in the last century. The Portuguese world before the expulsion was territorially complex. It integrated Portuguese America, divided in various capitanías, into a larger group that also included Africa and Asia. 1 Losing sight of this aspect carries the risk of isolating the region as pioneering work of Dauril Alden remarked in his analysis of the Old Society of Jesus. 2 In fact, much of the historiography has emphasized the role of the Jesuits in the global economic and cultural connections, regarding Portuguese America as a piece of a larger puzzle that fragments itself after the expulsion, suppression, and restoration of the order. 3 The expulsion of the order from the Portuguese domains, in 1759-60, marks a radical turn that would be characterized by territorial fragmentation and increasing weight of the regional and national dimension. 4 Since then, a tension between a universalist tendency 1The Jesuit assistance of Portugal was established in 1558. It was composed by seven provinces: Lusitania, Goa, Malabar, Japan, China, Brazil and Maranhão. It reached the number of forty-nine schools (fifteen in Portugal, six in the Azores, Madeira and East Africa, Angola, eleven in the Far East, and seventeen in Brazil), twenty-seven residences, two professed houses, three seminars, four novitiates, and sixty-three missions in Pará and Maranhão. In 1665, Lusitania is divided into two provinces, Goa, and Malabar (founded in 1610). In 1612, Goa is separated from Japan. In turn, China is separated from Japan in 1618. In 1549, the Jesuits arrive in Brazil, where a new province is created in 1553. In 1615, the vice province of Maranhão was formed, dependent on the province of Brazil. It became independent in 1712. By the date of the expulsion, the assistance of Portugal had about 1,700 Jesuits, 817 of them working in Portugal. The others, dispersed in Brazil,