Paradiplomacy of cities in the Global South and multilevel climate governance: evidence from Brazil

City in Global Conversations: A Constructivist Study of Jakarta’s Para-Diplomacy and Regional Leader’s International Visibility

“…Para-diplomacy, especially, in cities in Latin America is getting growing attention among scholars (Bustamante & Cañas, 2017;de Macedo et al, 2023;Fantoni & Avellaneda, 2022;Mendes & Figueira, 2017). Those studies vary in issues, such as climate (de Macedo et al, 2023), peace (Bustamante & Cañas, 2017), and international competitiveness (Mendes & Figueira, 2017).…”

“…Both studies by de Macedo et al, (2023) and Fantoni and Avellaneda (2022) suggest the importance of transnational municipal networks (TMNs) in cities' para-diplomacy. While paradiplomatic practices by cities portray roles in multilevel governance or TMNs to shape municipal and national agendas (de Macedo et al, 2023), local determinants like pro-international structures matter for their actions, such as enhancing international projects and projecting participation in international networks (Fantoni & Avellaneda, 2022).…”

Parametric Analysis of Flood Mitigation Policies in Brazilian Climate Action Plans

“…O delineamento desses compromissos se constitui como um processo de governança multinível, abrangendo nações, estados e municípios. Porém, cabe especificamente aos municípios a adoção de medidas mais complexas pela sua própria vinculação ao território urbano (De Macedo et al, 2023). Assim, as estratégias indicadas pelos municípios para o âmbito das mudanças climáticas são, geralmente, reunidas e apresentadas por meio de um plano de ação climática.…”