Para-phenylenediamine, an oxidative hair dye ingredient, increases thymic stromal lymphopoietin and proinflammatory cytokines causing acute dermatitis

Abstract

Due to high consumption of cosmetics in modern society, people are always exposed to the risk of skin damage and complications. Para-phenylenediamine (P-PD), an ingredient of hair dye, has been reported to cause allergic contact dermatitis. However, the mechanism has not been well elucidated. Here, we identify that P-PD causes dermatitis by increasing thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and inflammatory cytokines. Topical application of P-PD to mouse ear skin in consecutive 5 days resulted in dermatitis symptoms and increased ear thickness. TSLP production in skin was upregulated by P-PD treatment alone. In addition, P-PD-induced TSLP production was potentiated by MC903, which is an in vivo TSLP inducer. P-PD increased TSLP production in keratinocytes (KCMH-1 cells and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-stimulated PAM212 cells). The production of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, and CCL2, was upregulated by P-PD treatment together with MC903. The results show that repeated exposure to P-PD causes acute contact dermatitis mediated by increasing the expression of TSLP and proinflammatory cytokines.

High Levels of Hyaluronic Acid Synthase-2 Mediate NRF2-Driven Chemoresistance in Breast Cancer Cells

“…Consid- ering that high levels of HA are detected in the tumor stroma, high CD44 expression contributes to HA-mediated cellular signaling in cancer (Bourguignon et al, 2003(Bourguignon et al, , 2014. HA/CD44 interaction initiates the Src-ERK signaling cascade, which, in turn, maintains AKT and mTOR activity (Yang et al, 2020). HA binding to CD44 in breast tumor cells activates transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) receptor signaling, which subsequently increases Smad2/3 phosphorylation (Bourguignon et al, 2002).…”

“…After 24 h of incubation, the cells were treated with doxorubicin, with or without 4-MU. Then, 2 mg/mL of MTT solution (for MCF7/MCF7-DR cells) or 20 µL of MTS reagent (for SNU620/SNU620-DR cells) was added to each well, and cells were incubated for an additional 3 h. MTT reagent was removed after incubation and 100 μL of dimethyl sulfoxide was added to each well ( Lee et al ., 2020 ; Choi et al ., 2021b ). The absorbance was measured at 540 nm (MTT assay) or 490 nm (MTS assay) using SPECTRO Star Nano (BMG LABTECH GmbH).…”

Bioinspired polymeric pigments to mimic natural hair coloring

“…3b, the hair samples became black aer treatment with polydopamine assemblies for 10 seconds, which was signicantly faster than existing protocols and commercial dyes. 16,17,33,34,45,46 Furthermore, no obvious difference was observed from the darkness of the hair samples aer various reaction times, indicating a signicantly high efficiency. This could be attributed to the high catalytic efficiency of tyrosine hydroxylase and the chelating capability of metal ions during the dyeing process.…”

“…Intermediates are usually aromatic amines that infiltrate into the keratin of hair, such as p -phenylenediamine, which is the most widely used intermediate of commercial hair dyes. 17 During the process of penetration, dye molecules are synthesized and attached to the hair. However, this kind of hair dye could cause certain damage to the human body.…”

Evaluation of Skin Irritation of Acids Commonly Used in Cleaners in 3D-Reconstructed Human Epidermis Model, KeraSkinTM

“…Tissues were post-incubated for 42 ± 2 h and then the entire medium was removed. Tissues were blotted and transferred to a 24-well plate that contained MTT (0.4 mg/mL) and incubated for 3 h at 37 °C and 5% CO 2 [ 34 ]. Next, tissues were transferred to a new 6-well plate, prefilled with 2 mL of isopropanol.…”