Paper based lateral flow immunoassay for the enumeration of Escherichia coli in urine

Abstract

In this experimental study, we developed lateral flow immunoassay strips for the detection of Escherichia coli.

Lab-on-Paper Devices for Diagnosis of Human Diseases Using Urine Samples—A Review

“…Studies have shown that the detection performance of colorimetric methods can be improved by inducing the aggregation of nanomaterials in order to enhance the detection resolution [119,149,156]. Similarly, in the EC and SERS methods, the detection performance can be improved by patterning nanomaterials with good electrical conductivity on the electrode surface [120,125,135,166,167]. In CL and fluorescence methods, the intensity of the detection signal can be amplified through the catalytic reaction of nanomaterials and the induced fluorescence quenching [132,[168][169][170], respectively.…”

“…For normal healthy individuals, the bladder can remove these bacteria on its own. However, in some cases, the bacteria may remain in the urinary system and cause infection [124,125]. In fact, most urinary tract infections (UTI) are caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli) [126][127][128], which normally appears in the rectum.…”

“…In fact, most urinary tract infections (UTI) are caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli) [126][127][128], which normally appears in the rectum. Consequently, several lab-on-paper platforms aimed at the detection of E. coli in urine have been proposed in recent years [125][126][127][128][129]. For example, Gumustas et al [125] proposed a paper-based test strip for the sensitive detection and quantification of E. coli in urine samples by means of SERS-based and colorimetric lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) techniques.…”

“…Consequently, several lab-on-paper platforms aimed at the detection of E. coli in urine have been proposed in recent years [125][126][127][128][129]. For example, Gumustas et al [125] proposed a paper-based test strip for the sensitive detection and quantification of E. coli in urine samples by means of SERS-based and colorimetric lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) techniques. In developing the strip, the detection sensitivity was improved by using AuNPs modified with Raman labels to enhance the SERS response.…”

Ionic Liquid Aqueous Two-Phase Systems for the Enhanced Paper-Based Detection of Transferrin and Escherichia coli

“…With issues such as poor infrastructure and limited funding already leading to underutilization of central laboratories in these resource-poor settings (Elbireer et al, 2011 ; Nkengasong et al, 2018 ), there is a growing interest in developing point-of-care techniques to diagnose a variety of diseases. Devices, such as miniaturized bioelectronics and microfluidic tests like the lateral-flow immunoassay (LFA), have received much attention over recent years due to their ease-of-use, portability, and limited need for power (Li et al, 2015 ; Sharma et al, 2015 ; Gumustas et al, 2018 ; Wang et al, 2018 ). However, in comparison to the gold standard laboratory-based tests, these devices are still restricted by their limited sensitivity, indicating an increasing need for enhanced detection capabilities at the point-of-care.…”