Pandemic influenza and socioeconomic disparities: Lessons from 1918 Chicago

Chowell, Gerardo; Viboud, Cécile

doi:10.1073/pnas.1616537113

Cited by 19 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(25 reference statements)

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“…( Oyer, 2008 , S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC 2020 , Arthi and Parman, 2020 , U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 2020 , World Health Organization 2020 , Chowell and Viboud, 2016 , Giuliano and Spilimbergo, 2014 , Beach et al )…”

Section: Uncited Referencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disease, downturns, and wellbeing: Economic history and the long-run impacts of COVID-19

Arthi¹,

Parman²

2021

Explorations in Economic History

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How might COVID-19 affect human capital and wellbeing in the long run? The COVID-19 pandemic has already imposed a heavy human cost—taken together, this public health crisis and its attendant economic downturn appear poised to dwarf the scope, scale, and disruptiveness of most modern pandemics. What evidence we do have about other modern pandemics is largely limited to short-run impacts. Consequently, recent experience can do little to help us anticipate and respond to COVID-19’s potential long-run impact on individuals over decades and even generations. History, however, offers a solution. Historical crises offer closer analogues to COVID-19 in each of its key dimensions—as a global pandemic, as a global recession—and offer the runway necessary to study the life-course and intergenerational outcomes. In this paper, we review the evidence on the long-run effects on health, labor, and human capital of both historical pandemics (with a focus on the 1918 Influenza Pandemic) and historical recessions (with a focus on the Great Depression). We conclude by discussing how past crises can inform our approach to COVID-19—helping tell us what to look for, what to prepare for, and what data we ought to collect now.

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Section: Uncited Referencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disease, downturns, and wellbeing: Economic history and the long-run impacts of COVID-19

Arthi¹,

Parman²

2021

Explorations in Economic History

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“…Nevertheless, in a pattern echoing findings for seasonal flu, RSV and all-cause ARI, inequalities in the most severe ARI pandemic outcomes have consistently been documented. For example, historical data from Chicago illustrated disparities in 1918 influenza pandemic mortality by neighborhood SES and racial composition 34,35 , with some of this disparity explained by differential rates of transmission in low-SES, overcrowded neighborhoods 34 . In 2009, a number of studies documented social race/ethnic outcome disparities [36][37][38][39][40][41] , with lower SES 41 associated with increased exposure risk 36 , as well as overall incidence 37 , hospitalization 38,39,41 , complications 36 , and death 39,40 due to pandemic H1N1.…”

Section: Pandemic Influenzamentioning

confidence: 99%

Inequality in acute respiratory infection outcomes in the United States: A review of the literature and its implications for public health policy and practice

Morán

Kubale

Noppert

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Seasonal and pandemic respiratory viruses such as influenza and the novel coronavirus (SARS-COV-2) currently sweeping the globe have often been described as 'equal opportunity infectors', implying little socioeconomic disparity in susceptibility. However, early data from the COVID-19 pandemic has underscored that the burden of respiratory viruses actually reflect and magnify existing socioeconomic inequalities. We review the literature on socioeconomic and racial disparities in acute respiratory infection (ARI), as well as ARI-associated hospitalization and mortality. Our goal is to identify key principles of the relationship between socioeconomic inequality and ARI outcomes, as well as highlighting poorly understood areas that need to be addressed by research and policy in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. We find that there has been descriptive work in this area, but that there is a distinct lack of cohesive methodology in the literature exploring social determinants and ARI. We propose the fundamental cause theory is a useful framework for guiding future research of disparities in ARI and for the design of interventions to alleviate these disparities.

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“…Research on the SES drivers of morbidity and cross‐protection across waves has recently been called for, but not carried out due to a lack of data, and is important for several reasons. First, knowing whether specific SES groups have higher morbidity can help targeting scarce pandemic vaccines, and thus reduce the human, social, and financial losses in the next pandemic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

1918 pandemic morbidity: The first wave hits the poor, the second wave hits the rich

Mamelund

2018

Influenza Resp Viruses

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BackgroundWhether morbidity from the 1918‐19 influenza pandemic discriminated by socioeconomic status has remained a subject of debate for 100 years. In lack of data to study this issue, the recent literature has hypothesized that morbidity was “socially neutral.”ObjectivesTo study the associations between influenza‐like illness (ILI) and socioeconomic status (SES), gender, and wave during the 1918‐19 influenza pandemic.MethodsAvailability of incidence data on the 1918‐19 pandemic is scarce, in particular for waves other than the “fall wave” October‐December 1918. Here, an overlooked survey from Bergen, Norway (n = 10 633), is used to study differences in probabilities of ILI and ILI probability ratios by apartment size as a measure of SES and gender for 3 waves including the waves prior to and after the “fall wave.”ResultsSocioeconomic status was negatively associated with ILI in the first wave, but positively associated in the second wave. At all SES levels, men had the highest ILI in the summer, while women had the highest ILI in the fall. There were no SES or gender differences in ILI in the winter of 1919.ConclusionsFor the first time, it is documented a crossover in the role of socioeconomic status in 1918 pandemic morbidity. The poor came down with influenza first, while the rich with less exposure in the first wave had the highest morbidity in the second wave. The study suggests that the socioeconomically disadvantaged should be prioritized if vaccines are of limited availability in a future pandemic.

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Pandemic influenza and socioeconomic disparities: Lessons from 1918 Chicago

Cited by 19 publications

References 20 publications

Disease, downturns, and wellbeing: Economic history and the long-run impacts of COVID-19

Disease, downturns, and wellbeing: Economic history and the long-run impacts of COVID-19

Inequality in acute respiratory infection outcomes in the United States: A review of the literature and its implications for public health policy and practice

1918 pandemic morbidity: The first wave hits the poor, the second wave hits the rich

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